IM-2#PRIME-1

NASA uses its CLPS program to partner with commercial providers to fly experiments to the Moon.{{Cite web |date=18 October 2020 |title=NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Land Water-Measuring Payload PRIME-1 on the Moon |url=https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-land-water-measuring-payload-prime-1-on-the-moon/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=scitechdaily.com |language=en}} A drilling mission was originally set to launch in December 2022,{{Cite web |last=Machines |first=Intuitive |date=16 October 2020 |title=NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Lunar Ice Drill in 2022 |url=https://www.intuitivemachines.com/post/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-lunar-ice-drill-in-2022 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=intuitivemachines.com |language=en}} for which Intuitive Machines supplied its Nova-C as the lander.{{Cite web |author1=Tariq Malik |date=22 October 2020 |title=NASA picks Intuitive Machines to land an ice-mining drill on the moon |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-picks-intuitive-machines-prime-1-ice-mining-lander |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=space.com |language=en}} This was the company's second CLPS contract.

Three CLPS launches preceded IM-2:

1. Astrobotic Technology's Peregrine in January 2024 failed shortly after launch and did not reach the Moon.
2. Intuitive Machines' IM-1 in February 2024 placed the Odysseus lander on the Moon, but the landing was rougher than expected, causing the spacecraft to tip over; however, the company deemed the mission "successful".
3. Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost Mission 1 landed without problems on 2 March 2025.

This IM-2 mission on 27 February 2025 was the fourth CLPS launch and was en route to the Moon when the Blue Ghost landing occurred.

{{Main|Intuitive Machines Nova-C}}

A CLPS contract was awarded to IM in October 2020 to land a second Nova-C lander near the lunar south pole. NASA designated the landing site at a ridge near the Shackleton crater, where there could be ice below the surface. After the rough landing of IM-1, several adjustments were made, including improvements to the primary laser rangefinder system, which helps determine variables such as altitude and horizontal velocity.

The MiniPIX TPX3 SPACE payload, provided by the Czech company ADVACAM, was onboard the Nova-C lunar lander. This payload is designed to monitor the radiation field on the Moon and help understand how to protect crew and equipment from the negative effects of cosmic rays. This marks the first Czech payload planned to be delivered to the Moon's surface.

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = Micro-Nova ("Grace")

| mission_type = Lunar hopper

| manufacturer = Intuitive Machines

| payload_mass = 1 kg

| launch_rocket = Falcon 9 Block 5

| launch_site = Kennedy, LC-39A

| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = rover

|object = Moon

|location = Shackleton connecting ridge

}}

}}

During the mission, IM would deploy a second vehicle, its μNova (Micro-Nova) Hopper. Micro-Nova would separate from the Nova-C lander after landing and function as a standalone hopper lander, exploring multiple difficult-to-reach areas such as deep craters on the lunar surface, by firing hydrazine rockets in controlled bursts to propel itself short distances. It would hop across craters in search of lunar ice, which could contain water critical to future crewed missions to the Moon. Water ice could be processed into rocket propellant or used to support a permanent lunar habitat in the future. Micro-Nova is also planned to take the first pictures from inside craters at the lunar south pole and would be able to carry a 1-kilogram payload for more than 25 kilometers. The hopper would explore permanently shaded regions and could "fly into a lava tube and report images back", according to IM co-founder and CTO Tim Crain.

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = MAPP

| mission_type = Lunar rover

| manufacturer = Lunar Outpost

| landing_mass = 5–10 kg

| payload_mass = 15 kg

| launch_date = 27 February 2025

| launch_rocket = Falcon 9 Block 5

| launch_site = Kennedy, LC-39A

| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = rover

|object = Moon

|location = Mons Mouton

}}

| instruments = RESOURCE

}}

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = AstroAnt

| mission_type = Lunar rover

| manufacturer = MIT

| dimensions = The size of a matchbox

| launch_date = 27 February 2025

| launch_site = Kennedy, LC-39A

| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = rover

|object = Moon

|location = Mons Mouton

}}

}}

Space technology company Lunar Outpost would send their first lunar rover, the Mobile Autonomous Prospecting Platform (MAPP), on this mission in partnership with Nokia Bell Labs, Quantum Aerospace, and IM. MAPP would collect lunar samples for NASA under a contract worth just $1, which is symbolic of a new incentive for the emerging commercial space industry to access resources in space. MAPP would have a mass of 5–10 kilograms, a payload mass of up to 15 kilograms, and a top speed of 10{{nbsp}}cm/s. On its multi-day journey, the rover would autonomously map the lunar surface, capture stereo images and thermal data, and inspect samples of lunar regolith in a special bin mounted on its wheels. Photos of the samples and other data would be transmitted through radio equipment and antennas to communicate with the Nova-C lander. MAPP would snap 3D images and record videos using the RESOURCE camera, developed by MIT. It would also deploy MIT's AstroAnt, a miniature rover the size of a matchbox, to conduct contactless temperature measurements as it drives around on MAPP's roof.

A collaboration in order to demonstrate 4G cellular connectivity, in partnership with Nokia Bell Labs and NASA was aboard the lander. Nokia's equipment was a Network-In-a-Box and would connect the Nova-C lander with Lunar Outpost's MAPP rover and IM's Micro-Nova Hopper. This 4G/LTE network would provide more bandwidth than the more conventional ultra-high frequency (UHF) systems used for space communication. Nokia says they hope that future missions would use shared infrastructure to interlink bases on the lunar surface.{{rp|33}}

{{Main|Yaoki}}

IM-2 carried the Moon rover Yaoki. It was made by Japanese company {{Ill|Dymon|ja|ダイモン (企業)}} and weighed 498 grams.{{Cite web |url=https://www.space.com/japan-first-moon-rover-astrobotic-peregrine.html |title=Japan's 1st Moon Rover to Touch Down in 2021 |first=Mike |last=Wall |website=Space.com |date=18 October 2019}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.astrobotic.com/astrobotic-and-dymon-announce-agreement-to-bring-the-first-japanese-lunar-rover-to-the-moon/ |title=Astrobotic and Dymon Announce Agreement to Bring the First Japanese Lunar Rover to the Moon |website=astrobotic.com |date=14 October 2019}}{{Cite web |url=https://dymon.co.jp/en/ |title=YAOKI - Japanese Lunar Rover |website=dymon.co.jp |date=15 February 2021 |access-date=28 February 2025 |archive-date=28 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228044125/https://dymon.co.jp/en/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://freepressweb.blog/2019/10/21/japans-1st-moon-rover-to-touch-down-in-2021/ |title=Japan's 1st Moon Rover to Touch Down in 2021 |website=freepressweb.blog |date=21 October 2019 |access-date=28 February 2025 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022193036/https://freepressweb.blog/2019/10/21/japans-1st-moon-rover-to-touch-down-in-2021/ |url-status=dead}}

The primary payload, Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment-1 (PRIME-1) was designed to search for water ice on the Moon at a permanently shadowed location near Shackleton Crater. It included the TRIDENT ice drill to sample ice from below the lunar surface and the MSolo mass spectrometer to measure the amount of ice in the samples. ILO-1 prime contractor Canadensys was working to deliver "a flight-ready low-cost optical payload for the ILO-1 mission, ruggedized for the Moon South Pole environment". On February 27, IM-2 released photography taken with the help of Canadensys technology.{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Marc |date=28 February 2025 |title=Intuitive Machines IM-2 mission update with stunning images |url=https://spaceq.ca/intuitive-machines-im-2-mission-update-with-stunning-images/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=SpaceQ Media |website=spaceq.ca |language=en}} In November 2023, a mission simulation was undertaken by engineers at the Kennedy Space Center.{{Cite web |title=PRIME-1 Simulation |url=https://www.moondaily.com/reports/PRIME_1_Simulation_999.html |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=moondaily.com}}

File:PRIME-1 MSolo MLI Install (KSC-20221019-PH-JBS01 0092).jpeg

The mission was to measure the volatile content of subsurface samples on the Moon. The scientific equipment consisted primarily of two components mounted to the lander:{{Cite web |title=Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment 1 (PRIME-1) |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/polar-resources-ice-mining-experiment-1-prime-1/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Falcon 9 Block 5 {{!}} PRIME-1 (IM-2) |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6828 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Nova-C IM-2 (PRIME 1, CLPS 3) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/nova-c_im2.htm |access-date=19 December 2024 |publisher=Gunter's Space Page |website=space.skyrocket.de |language=en}}

• The Regolith and Ice Drill for Exploring New Terrain (TRIDENT): TRIDENT would have drilled up to three feet deep, extracting lunar regolith, or soil, up to the surface. The instrument could drill in multiple segments, pausing and retracting to deposit cuttings on the surface after each depth increment.
• Mass Spectrometer observing lunar operations (MSolo): This modified-for-spaceflight, commercial-off-the-shelf mass spectrometer would have evaluated the drill cuttings for water and other chemical compounds. Soil samples from multiple depths would have been analyzed.[https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/game_changing_development/projects/PRIME-1 Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment-1] {{PD-notice}}

A version of TRIDENT and MSolo was to be used on NASA's canceled VIPER rover in the search for water ice.{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Tariq |date=23 October 2020 |title=NASA picks Intuitive Machines to land an ice-mining drill on the moon |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-picks-intuitive-machines-prime-1-ice-mining-lander |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=space.com}}

PRMIE-1 weighed {{cvt|40|kg|lb}}.{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=NASA Asks Commercial Partners to Land Water-Measuring Drill on Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/nasa-asks-commercial-partners-to-land-water-measuring-drill-on-moon/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |language=en}} It was to investigate in situ resource utilization (ISRU).

In May 2024, the company announced that IM-2 was entering the final assembly stage. It was also reported that the company was upgrading both software and hardware, including the landing legs in order for better precision and control during descent and landing on the IM-2 mission. In September 2024, the company said it was on track for launch in January 2025. The Lunar Trailblazer orbiter was a secondary payload on the same Falcon 9 launch. In November 2024, during an earnings call, Intuitive Machines said the launch of IM-2 was targeting February 2025.

During mission planning, IM-2 intended to land at Shackleton connecting ridge. Nevertheless, prior to launch, the targeted landing site was changed to Mons Mouton,{{r|cnn-20250226}} a high plateau near the Lunar south pole which was planned to be the landing site of the canceled VIPER rover.

IM-2 launched on 27 February 2025, at 00:16{{nbsp}}UTC, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 with a number of other payloads. Following an on-target orbital insertion, Athena deployed 45 minutes after launch and established contact with ground controllers at 01:17{{nbsp}}UTC. It was confirmed the next morning that the IM-2 mission was on track for a lunar orbital insertion on March 3, with a landing attempt scheduled for March 6 at 17:31{{nbsp}}UTC.{{Cite web |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=6 March 2025 |title=Intuitive Machines' Athena lunar lander heads in for moon landing attempt |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/06/science/intuitive-machines-im2-moon-landing/index.html |access-date=6 March 2025 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307005443/https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/06/science/intuitive-machines-im2-moon-landing/index.html |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |date=27 February 2025 |title=Intuitive Machines' IM-2 Lunar Lander Successfully Commissioned and En Route to the Moon |url=https://investors.intuitivemachines.com/news-releases/news-release-details/intuitive-machines-im-2-lunar-lander-successfully-commissioned |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=investors.intuitivemachines.com}}

Three minutes before touchdown at 17:27{{nbsp}}UTC on 6 March, Athena entered terminal descent. A plume of lunar dust interfered with its navigation systems, obscuring laser and rangefinder readings while also disrupting radio signals. After a brief period of no communication, mission controllers confirmed that Athena had landed, detected lunar gravity, and was generating power. However, one of its two radio antennas had lost signal, and power generation was lower than expected. The Intuitive Machines team placed Athena in a power-saving "safe mode," but after 38 minutes of troubleshooting, they determined the lander was not receiving sufficient energy.

At a 21:00{{nbsp}}UTC press conference, Intuitive Machines CEO Steve Altemus said that Athena was not in the correct attitude, meaning its solar panels were not facing the Sun. Despite this, the lander had begun performing scientific experiments, though at limited capacity due to the power constraints. On 7 March, downlinked images confirmed that Athena had come to rest sideways in a shadowed crater where the temperature was {{Convert|-280|F|0|order=flip}}.{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 March 2025 |title=Athena landed in a dark crater where the temperature was minus 280° F |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/03/athena-landed-in-a-dark-crater-where-the-temperature-was-minus-280-f/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=Ars Technica |website=arstechnica.com |language=en}} With the solar arrays producing only about 100 watts of power – insufficient to operate both the spacecraft’s heaters and its high-gain antenna – mission operators opted to maximize data collection over a 13-hour period rather than run the heaters to extend operations, but with minimal ability to conduct scientific experiments. During this time, Athena transmitted imagery and data from the Moon’s south pole. The TRIDENT drill was extended but not operated, and private customers, including Nokia, retrieved useful data from their payloads. However the rovers and Micro-Nova were not able to be deployed.

On 13 March, Intuitive Machines shared that, like on the IM-1 mission, the Athena's altimeter had failed during landing, leaving its onboard computer without an accurate altitude reading. As a result, the spacecraft struck a plateau, tipped over, and skidded across the lunar surface, rolling once or twice before settling inside a crater. The company's CEO compared it to a baseball player sliding into a base. The impact also kicked up regolith that coated the solar panels in dust, further degrading their performance.

File:Moon Soft Landings.svg|Map of all moon landings made by manned and unmanned craft. IM-2 is the lime green dot, marked "28".

On 7 March 2025, at 16:54:21 UTC, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) imaged the Athena spacecraft landed within the center of a {{cvt|20|m|ft}} wide crater, about 23.5 hours after it touched down the lunar surface.{{r|lroc-20250307}} The orbiter subsequently imaged the lander again at a much more oblique angle on 10 March.{{r|lroc-20250310}}

On 7 March 2025, Intuitive Machines announced that the mission was over after Athena landed on its side in the Mons Mouton region near the south pole of the Moon. The same day, NASA confirmed that lander operations ended at 1:15 a.m., less than 13 hours after landing.{{r|snews3}}

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}

• List of missions to the Moon
• {{Annotated link|Chandrayaan-3}}
• {{Annotated link|Luna 25}}
• {{Annotated link|Smart Lander for Investigating Moon|SLIM}}

{{Reflist|refs=

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{{Cite tweet |number=1787845786916528621 |author=Intuitive Machines |user=Int_Machines |title=Like cars on Earth, we monitor our spacecraft's temperatures in space. Engineers installed these tank sensors before starting the final assembly of our soon-to-be-named IM-2 mission lunar lander.}}

{{Cite tweet |number=1788570620889883025 |user=Int_Machines |author=Intuitive Machines |title=Featured in the fiction television series #ForAllMankind, our non-fiction IM-2 mission is targeting a ridge not far from the Shackleton crater referred to as the "Shackleton connecting ridge", which could have water ice below its surface.}}

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{{Cite web |title=Rovers |url=https://www.lunaroutpost.com/rovers |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=lunaroutpost.com |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908211012/https://www.lunaroutpost.com/rovers |url-status=live}}

{{Cite news |author=Arianna Johnson |date=9 November 2022 |title=MIT Will Return To The Moon For The First Time Since Apollo, Thanks To This Space Startup |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ariannajohnson/2022/11/09/mit-will-return-to-the-moon-for-the-first-time-since-apollo-thanks-to-this-space-startup/?sh=731b823b6d72 |access-date=30 April 2024 |publisher=Forbes}}

{{Cite web |date=25 July 2023 |title=An inside look at Nokia's Moon mission |url=https://www.nokia.com/about-us/newsroom/articles/inside-look-at-nokia-moon-mission/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=nokia.com |publisher=Nokia |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503015756/https://www.nokia.com/about-us/newsroom/articles/inside-look-at-nokia-moon-mission/ |url-status=live}}

{{Cite news |author=Catherine Thorbecke |date=5 December 2020 |title=NASA will pay a firm $1 to go to the moon and get a sample |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/nasa-pay-firm-moon-sample/story?id=74540402 |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=abcnews.go.com |publisher=ABC News |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430091644/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/nasa-pay-firm-moon-sample/story?id=74540402 |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |title=IM-2 Press Kit |url=https://97e97b55-dd53-4bc9-92cd-8e2cbfc75af8.usrfiles.com/ugd/97e97b_5c02c547fc4040138934e263a3ee0eda.pdf |publisher=Intuitive Machines |access-date=8 March 2025}}

{{Cite web |author=Keith Cooper |date=8 January 2023 |title=What is Intuitive Machines and how is it aiming for the moon? |url=https://www.space.com/intuitive-machines |access-date=May 10, 2024 |website=space.com |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510125137/https://www.space.com/intuitive-machines |url-status=live}}

{{Cite web |author=Stefanie Waldek |date=30 April 2024 |title=Private moon lander will carry Nokia's 4G cell network to the lunar surface this year |url=https://www.space.com/nokia-4g-cell-network-on-the-moon |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=space.com |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507012049/https://www.space.com/nokia-4g-cell-network-on-the-moon |url-status=live}}

{{Cite news |author=Jack Bantock |date=24 April 2024 |title=Streaming and texting on the Moon - Nokia and NASA are taking 4G into space |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/24/tech/nokia-moon-4g-network-nasa-spc/index.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=cnn.com |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427205419/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/24/tech/nokia-moon-4g-network-nasa-spc/index.html |url-status=live}}

{{Cite web |title=AstroAnt |url=https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/astroant-1/overview/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=media.mit.edu |publisher=MIT Media Lab |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616220022/https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/astroant-1/overview/ |url-status=live}}

}}

• [https://intuitivemachines.com Intuitive Machines]

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