IPCC Second Assessment Report

The Second Assessment Report, titled Climate Change 1995, consists of reports from each of the three Working Groups, and a Synthesis Report:{{Harvnb|IPCC SAR SYR|1995}}, p. vii, and see [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml IPCC website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130205405/https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml |date=2018-11-30 }}.

• Report of Working Group I: The Science of Climate Change {{Harv|IPCC SAR WG1|1995}}.
• Report of Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses {{Harv|IPCC SAR WG2|1995}}.
• Report of Working Group III: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change {{Harv|IPCC SAR WG3|1995}}.
• The "Full Report", consisting of Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the Summaries for Policymakers from the three Working Group reports {{Harv|IPCC SAR SYR|1995}}.

These reports were prepared by over two thousand experts, and "contain the factual basis of the issue of climate change, gleaned from available expert literature and further carefully reviewed by experts and governments."{{Harvnb|IPCC SAR SYR|1995}}, p. viii.

The Synthesis Report gave its purpose as providing the scientific, technical and socio-economic information for determining

{{quote| what concentrations of greenhouse gases might be regarded as "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" and the charting of a future which allows for economic development which is sustainable.{{Harvnb|IPCC SAR SYR|1995}}, Section 1.5, [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf p. 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015170030/http://ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf |date=2011-10-15 }}. The "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" language is from Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

}}

Working Group I, dealing with the scientific aspects of climate, stated that

{{quote| carbon dioxide remains the most important contributor to anthropogenic forcing of climate change; projections of future global mean temperature change and sea level rise confirm the potential for human activities to alter the Earth's climate to an extent unprecedented in human history; and the long time-scales governing both the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the response of the climate system to those accumulations, means that many important aspects of climate change are effectively irreversible.{{Harvnb|IPCC SAR SYR|1995}}, Preface, [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf p. xi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015170030/http://ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf |date=2011-10-15 }}.

}}

Working Group I subsequently characterized its reports in the First and Second Assessments as progressing from an understanding that the greenhouse effect is well understood, greenhouse gases are increasing (due largely to human activity), and therefore should lead to significant global warming (though lack of understanding limited specific regional predictions), to a greater understanding (despite continuing uncertainties) that global warming continues and is most likely due to human activity, and that very substantial cuts in emissions would be required to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations.{{Harvnb|IPCC TAR WG1|2001}}, Technical Summary, Section A.2, [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf pp. 22–3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015170030/http://ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf |date=2011-10-15 }}

Working Group II assessed whether the range of plausible impacts of global warming constitutes dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,{{Harvnb|IPCC SAR SYR|1995}}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf p. 27] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913173945/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf |date=2018-09-13 }}. while Working Group III provided information to help countries "take decisions they believe are most appropriate for their specific circumstances".{{Harvnb|IPCC SAR SYR|1995}}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf p. 45] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913173945/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf |date=2018-09-13 }}.

In the IPCC process, a "convening lead author" for each chapter worked with other lead authors and contributing authors to agree the structure of the chapter, and assign teams of scientists to write each section of the chapter, producing a draft which was subject to acceptance by the whole author group. Participating governments then provided review comments on the draft, incorporated into the assessment which was presented to seek acceptance at a plenary session of the IPCC.{{cite book |first1=Naomi |last1=Oreskes |author1-link=Naomi Oreskes |first2=Erik M. |last2=Conway |title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming |url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-59691-610-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores/page/200 200–208]}}

The IPCC chairman Bert Bolin had difficulty finding a convening lead author for Chapter 8. After delays, Benjamin D. Santer who was doing postdoctoral research on the topic was persuaded to take on the task. Twenty participants from various countries met at the initial meeting in Livermore, California, in August 1994 to identify the scientific topic areas, and discussion continued by email. At the first drafting session (in Sigtuna, Sweden, in October) Santer persuaded the others that the chapter should discuss observational and model uncertainties, though these were also covered in other chapters. The "zeroth" draft was then sent out for peer review to scientific topic experts, all the chapter authors and lead authors of other chapters. Their responses were incorporated in the second drafting session in March 1995 at Brighton. In May the entire draft Working Group I report as well as the summary for policymakers was submitted for full "country review" by participating governments, to provide comments for incorporation at the third drafting session at Asheville, North Carolina, in July. Because of the delayed timing, Santer did not receive government comments for this meeting, some did not arrive until the plenary meeting in November.

The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said "Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate." Governments at the November plenary meeting in Madrid demanded changes to how this was worded in the Summary for Policymakers, after extended discussions Bolin suggested the adjective "discernible" and this was agreed. The approved Summary for Policymakers includes a section headed "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate", setting out progress in detection and attribution studies, cautioning that "Our ability to quantify the human influence on global climate is currently limited because the expected signal is still emerging from the noise of natural variability, and because there are uncertainties in key factors." Santer was subsequently required by the IPCC to bring the rest of the chapter into compliance with this wording.IPCC Second Assessment Report: [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf Climate Change 1995, WG1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015170030/http://ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf |date=2011-10-15 }}. Summary for Policymakers, pp. 4–5 The summary at the start of the accepted version of the chapter stated that "these results indicate that the observed trend in global mean temperature over the past 100 years is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin. More importantly, there is evidence of an emerging pattern of climate response to forcings by greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols in the observed climate record. Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on global climate." The final paragraph in the chapter stated "The body of statistical evidence in Chapter 8, when examined in the context of our physical understanding of the climate system, now points to a discernible human influence on global climate." An introductory preface to the SAR written by IPCC chairman Bolin and his co-chairs John T. Houghton and L. Gylvan Meira Filho highlighted "that observations suggest 'a discernible human influence on global climate', one of the key findings of this report, adds an important new dimension to discussion of the climate issue."IPCC Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995, WG1. ch 8, summary, pp. 412, 439, xi

Prior to the publication of the Second Assessment Report, the industry group Global Climate Coalition distributed a report entitled "The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing" to reporters, US Congressmen, and scientists, which said that Santer had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science. Three weeks later, and a week after the Second Assessment Report was released, the Global Climate Coalition was echoed in a letter published in The Wall Street Journal from the retired condensed matter physicist and former president of the US National Academy of Sciences, Frederick Seitz, chair of the George C. Marshall Institute and Science and Environmental Policy Project, but not a climatologist. In this letter, Seitz alleged that Santer had perpetrated "a disturbing corruption of the peer-review process." Seitz criticized the conclusions of Chapter 8, and wrote that "key changes were made after the scientists had met and accepted what they thought was the final peer-reviewed version", deleting "hints of the skepticism" he attributed to other unnamed scientists.Seitz, F. (12 June 1996). [http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/WSJ_June12.pdf Major deception on global warming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530143316/http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/WSJ_June12.pdf |date=2013-05-30 }}, Wall Street Journal. p. A16.Lahsen, M. (1999). The Detection and Attribution of Conspiracies: The Controversy Over Chapter 8. In G. E. Marcus (Ed.), Paranoia Within Reason: A Casebook on Conspiracy as Explanation (pp. 111–136). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-50458-1}}.{{cite news |title=The greenhouse spin |last=Helvarg |first=David |author-link=David Helvarg |magazine=The Nation |date=December 16, 1996 |volume=263 |issue=20 |pages=21–24 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/212/45418.html |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216035849/https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/212/45418.html |url-status=live }}

The position of the lead author of Chapter 8, Benjamin D. Santer, was supported by fellow IPCC authors and senior figures of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR).{{cite web|date=25 July 1996|title=Special insert—An open letter to Ben Santer|publisher=UCAR Quarterly|editor=Rasmussen, C.|url=http://www.ucar.edu/communications/quarterly/summer96/insert.html|access-date=24 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626011156/http://www.ucar.edu/communications/quarterly/summer96/insert.html|archive-date=26 June 2006|url-status=dead}} The presidents of the AMS and UCAR stated that there was a "systematic effort by some individuals to undermine and discredit the scientific process that has led many scientists working on understanding climate to conclude that there is a very real possibility that humans are modifying Earth's climate on a global scale."

Other rebuttals of Seitz's comments include a 1997 paper{{cite web|year=1997|title=The 1995 IPCC Report: Broad Consensus or "Scientific Cleansing"?|publisher=Ecofable/Ecoscience, 1:1 (1997), pp. 3–9|author1=Edwards, P.|author2=S. Schneider|name-list-style=amp|url=http://www.pne.people.si.umich.edu/PDF/ecofables.pdf|access-date=24 June 2009|archive-date=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120021258/http://pne.people.si.umich.edu/PDF/ecofables.pdf|url-status=live}} by Paul Edwards and IPCC author Stephen Schneider, and a 2007 complaint to the UK broadcast regulator Ofcom about the television programme, "The Great Global Warming Swindle".

{{Cite book

| chapter=Ch. 2: Complete Transcript and Rebuttal

| title = Complaint to Ofcom Regarding "The Great Global Warming Swindle"

| at=[http://www.ofcomswindlecomplaint.net/FullComplaint/p94.htm Sec. 2.12: Conspiracy Theory About the IPCC]

}}, in {{harvnb|Rive|Jackson|Rado|Marsh|2007|pp=94–95}}

The 2007 complaint includes a rebuttal of Seitz's claims by the former IPCC chairman, Bert Bolin.

{{Cite book

| chapter=Appendix G: Professor Bert Bolin’s Peer Review Comments

| title = Complaint to Ofcom Regarding "The Great Global Warming Swindle"

| at=[http://www.ofcomswindlecomplaint.net/FullComplaint/p165.htm#APXG Comment 9 (Comment 114 in the current document)]

}}, in {{harvnb|Rive|Jackson|Rado|Marsh|2007|pp=165–166}}

{{See also|Economics of global warming}}

One of the controversies of the Second Assessment Working Group III report is the economic valuation of human life, which is used in monetized (i.e., converted into US dollar values) estimates of climate change impacts.This has been documented in a number of sources:

• {{cite journal

|author=F. Pearce

|title=Global Row over Value of Human Life

|journal=New Scientist |page=7 |date=19 August 1995

}}

• {{cite journal

|author=E. Masood

|title=Developing Countries Dispute Use of Figures on Climate Change Impact

|journal=Nature |volume=376 |issue= 6539|page=374 |year=1995

| bibcode=1995Natur.376R.374M

| doi=10.1038/376374b0

|doi-access=free}}

• {{cite journal

|author1=E. Masood |author2=A. Ochert |name-list-style=amp |title=UN Climate Change Report Turns up the Heat

|journal=Nature |volume=378 |issue= 6553|page=119 |year=1995

| doi=10.1038/378119a0

|bibcode = 1995Natur.378..119M

|doi-access=free}}

• {{cite journal

|author=A. Meyer

|title=Economics of Climate Change

|journal=Nature |volume=378 |issue= 6556|page=433 |year=1995

|doi=10.1038/378433a0

|bibcode = 1995Natur.378..433M

|doi-access=free}}

• {{cite journal

|author=N. Sundaraman

|title=Impact of Climate Change

|journal=Nature |volume=377 |issue=6549 |page=472 |year=1995

|pmid=7566134

|doi=10.1038/377472c0

|bibcode = 1995Natur.377..472H

|s2cid=4369732

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{cite journal

|author=T. O'Riordan

|title= Review of Climate Change 1995 – Economic and Social Dimension

|journal=Environment |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=34–39 |year=1997

|doi=10.1080/00139159709604768

}}

Often in these monetized estimates, the health risks of climate change are valued so that they are "consistent" with valuations of other health risks.

{{Cite book

| title=Ch. 6: The social costs of climate change: greenhouse damage and the benefits of control. Box 6.1 Attributing a monetary value to a statistical life

| author=Pearce, D.W.

|display-authors=etal}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC SAR WG3|1995|p=196}} (p.194 of PDF)

{{Cite web

| author=Ackerman, F.

| title=Priceless Benefits, Costly Mistakes: What's Wrong With Cost-Benefit Analysis?

| work=Post-autistic economics review

| issue=25

| date=18 May 2004

| pages=2–7

| url=http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue25/Ackerman25.htm

| access-date=2 January 2014

| archive-date=6 June 2013

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606030656/http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue25/Ackerman25.htm

| url-status=live

}} There are a wide range of views on monetized estimates of climate change impacts.

For example:

• {{Cite book

|author = Nordhaus, W.D.

|year = 2008

|chapter = Summary for the Concerned Citizen

|title = A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies

|publisher = Yale University Press

|location = New Haven, Connecticut, USA

|isbn = 978-0-300-13748-4

|url = http://nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/Balance_2nd_proofs.pdf

|chapter-url =

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214411/http://nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/Balance_2nd_proofs.pdf

|archive-date = 2008-09-10

}}, pp.4–19

• {{Cite web

|author = Spash, C.L.

|title = Climate change: Need for new economic thought

|work = Economic and Political Weekly

|date = 10 February 2007

|url = http://www.clivespash.org/Final_EPW_10Feb07.pdf

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070614024612/http://www.clivespash.org/Final_EPW_10Feb07.pdf

|archive-date = 14 June 2007

}}, pp.485–486.

• {{Cite book

|title = Ch 6: Economic modelling of climate-change impacts. Sec 6.1: Introduction

|url = http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/Chapter_6_Economic_modelling_of_climate-change_impacts.pdf

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230715/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/Chapter_6_Economic_modelling_of_climate-change_impacts.pdf

|archive-date = 2013-05-02

}}, in {{harvnb|Stern|2006|pp=144–145}}

• {{Cite book

|title = Ch 2: Economics, Ethics and Climate Change. Sec 2.3: Ethics, welfare and economic policy

|url = http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/Chapter_2_Economics_Ethics_and_Climate_Change.pdf

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130516151957/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/Chapter_2_Economics_Ethics_and_Climate_Change.pdf

|archive-date = 2013-05-16

}}, in {{harvnb|Stern|2006|pp=28–31}}

• {{Cite book

|year = 2008

|chapter = Ch. 4: Effects of Global Change on Human Welfare: Sec 4.3 An economic approach to human welfare

|title = Analyses of the effects of global change on human health and welfare and human systems. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research

|publisher = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

|pages = 124–128

|author = Sussman, F.G.

|chapter-url = http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-6/final-report/

|display-authors = etal

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091130094759/http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-6/final-report/

|archive-date = 2009-11-30

}}

The strengths and weaknesses of monetized estimates are discussed in the SARChapter 5 of the SAR Working Group III report {{harv|IPCC SAR WG3|1995}} discusses how cost-benefit analysis (which extensively uses monetized estimates) can be applied to climate change. Other chapters (1–4, 6, and 10) also contain relevant information.

and later IPCC assessments.For example:

• {{Cite book

| title=Ch 2. Methods and tools

| author=Ahmad, Q.K.| at=[http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/093.htm Sec 2.5. Methods for Costing and Valuation]

|display-authors=etal}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC TAR WG2|2001|pp=120–126}}.

• {{Cite book

| title=Ch 3: Issues related to mitigation in the long-term context

| author=Fisher, B.S.| at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3s3-5-3-3.html Sec 3.5.3.3 Cost-benefit analysis, damage cost estimates and social costs of carbon]

|display-authors=etal}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007|}}

In the preparation of the SAR, disagreement arose over the Working Group III Summary for Policymakers (SPM). The SPM is written by a group of IPCC authors, who then discuss the draft with government delegates from all of the UNFCCC Parties (i.e., delegates from most of the world's governments).

{{cite book

|year=2001

|chapter=Ch. 7: Assessing Progress in Climate Science

|title=Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions

|publisher=National Academy Press

| location=Washington, D.C., USA

|author=Committee on the Science of Climate Change, US National Research Council

|chapter-url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10139&page=23

|page=23

|isbn=0-309-07574-2

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605132107/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10139&page=1| archive-date= 5 June 2011| url-status= live|bibcode=2001ccsa.book.....N

}}

The economic valuation of human life (referred to by economists as the "value of statistical life") was viewed by some governments (such as India) as suggesting that people living in poor countries are worth less than people living in rich countries. David Pearce, who was a lead author of the relevant chapter of the SAR, officially dissented on the SPM. According to Pearce:

{{cite web

|date=1 January 1996

|title=Correction on Global Warming Cost Benefit Conflict

|publisher=Environmental Damage Valuation and Cost Benefit News

|last=Pearce

|first=D.

|url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epalib/nwlet.nsf/434d5673ac53b154852564cd007a8a0d/716e9f1d6b29a006852564d600141f3a!OpenDocument

|access-date=20 May 2009

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716203426/http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epalib/nwlet.nsf/434d5673ac53b154852564cd007a8a0d/716e9f1d6b29a006852564d600141f3a%21OpenDocument

|archive-date=16 July 2008

|url-status=dead

}}

The relevant chapter [of the Report] values of statistical life based on actual studies in different countries ... What the authors of Chapter 6 did not accept, and still do not accept, was the call from a few [government] delegates for a common valuation based on the highest number for willingness to pay.

In other words, a few government delegates wanted "statistical lives" in poor countries to be valued at the same level as "statistical lives" in rich countries. IPCC author Michael Grubb

{{cite web

|title = Michael Grubb: Other positions and activities

|publisher = University of Cambridge Faculty of Economics website

|author = Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge

|url = http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/SelectAct.htm

|access-date = 12 December 2012

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130703201045/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/SelectAct.htm

|archive-date = 3 July 2013

}} later commented:

{{cite web

|date = September 2005

|title = Stick to the Target

|publisher = Prospect Magazine

|author = Grubb, M.

|url = http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/GA09.pdf

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130703200940/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/GA09.pdf

|archive-date = 2013-07-03

}}

Many of us think that the governments were basically right. The metric [used by Pearce] makes sense for determining how a given government might make tradeoffs between its own internal projects. But the same logic fails when the issue is one of damage inflicted by some countries on others: why should the deaths inflicted by the big emitters—principally the industrialised countries—be valued differently according to the wealth of the victims' countries?

• Scientific opinion on climate change

{{Reflist|2}}

The Second Assessment Report consists of the following reports from each of the three Working Groups, and a Synthesis Report. The WG2 report has on-line text; all are available in PDF format at the IPCC's [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml documents web page].

• {{Citation |year = 1995

|author = IPCC SAR WG1

|author-link = IPCC

|title = Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change

|series = Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

|editor = Houghton, J.T.

|editor2 = Meira Filho, L.G.

|editor3 = Callander, B.A.

|editor4 = Harris, N.

|editor5 = Kattenberg, A.

|editor6 = Maskell, K.

|publisher = Cambridge University Press

|url = https://archive.org/details/climatechange1990000unse_p8l7

|isbn = 0-521-56433-6

|url-access = registration

}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-56436-0}}) [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015170030/http://ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf |date=2011-10-15 }}.

• {{Citation |year = 1995

|author = IPCC SAR WG2

|author-link = IPCC

|title = Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses

|series = Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

|editor = Watson, R.T.

|editor2 = Zinyowera, M.C.

|editor3 = Moss, R.H.

|publisher = Cambridge University Press

|url = https://archive.org/details/climatechange1990000unse

|isbn = 0-521-56431-X

|url-access = registration

}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-56437-9}}) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170513034149/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_II/ipcc_sar_wg_II_full_report.pdf pdf].

• {{Citation |year = 1995

|author = IPCC SAR WG3

|author-link = IPCC

|title = Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change

|series = Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

|editor = Bruce, J.P.

|editor2 = Lee, H.

|editor3 = Haites, E.F.

|publisher = Cambridge University Press

|url = https://archive.org/details/climatechange1990000unse_h1m9

|isbn = 0-521-56051-9

|url-access = registration

}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-56854-4}}) [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_III/ipcc_sar_wg_III_full_report.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011184935/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_III/ipcc_sar_wg_III_full_report.pdf |date=2017-10-11 }}.

• {{Citation

| year = 1995

| author = IPCC SAR SYR

| author-link = IPCC

| title = Climate Change 1995: A report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

| series = Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

| publisher = IPCC

}} [https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf pdf].

• {{Cite report |year=2006 |last=Stern |first=N. |title=Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change (pre-publication edition) |url=http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100407172811/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm |archive-date=7 April 2010 |url-status=dead |publisher=HM Treasury |location=London |access-date=8 March 2017}}
• {{Cite book |year=2001 |author=IPCC TAR WG1 |title=Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis |series=Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor=Houghton, J.T. |editor2=Ding, Y. |editor3=Griggs, D.J. |editor4=Noguer, M. |editor5=van der Linden, P.J. |editor6=Dai, X. |editor7=Maskell, K. |editor8=Johnson, C.A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/climatechange2000000unse |isbn=978-0521807678 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215120519/https://archive.org/details/climatechange2000000unse |archive-date=15 December 2019}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0521014956}})
• {{cite book |year=2001 |author=IPCC TAR WG2 |title=Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |series=Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor=McCarthy, J. J. |editor2=Canziani, O. F. |editor3=Leary, N. A. |editor4=Dokken, D. J. |editor5=White, K. S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/climatechange2000000unse_j1j8 |isbn=978-0521807685 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514070847/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg2%2Findex.htm |archive-date=14 May 2016}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0521015006}})
• {{Cite web |date=11 June 2007 |last1=Rive |first1=N. |last2=Jackson |first2=B. |last3=Rado |first3=D. |last4=Marsh |first4=R. |title=Complaint to Ofcom Regarding "The Great Global Warming Swindle" (final revision) |url=http://www.ofcomswindlecomplaint.net/FullComplaint/TOCp1.htm |publisher=OfcomSwindleComplaint}}. Also available as a [http://www.ofcomswindlecomplaint.net/FullComplaint.pdf PDF]
• {{cite book |year=2007 |author=IPCC AR4 WG3 |author-link=IPCC |title=Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change |series=Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor=Metz, B. |editor2=Davidson, O.R. |editor3=Bosch, P.R. |editor4=Dave, R. |editor5=Meyer, L.A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/contents.html |isbn=978-0521880114 |access-date=2023-08-20 |archive-date=2018-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103154027/https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/contents.html |url-status=dead }} (pb: {{ISBNT|978-0521705981}}).

• [https://www.ipcc.ch/ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change website]

Category:1995 documents

Category:Environmental reports

A02

Category:1995 in the environment