Ichthyodectiformes

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range =
{{fossil range|Bathonian|65.5|Middle Jurassic-Early Paleocene}}

| image = Ichthyodectidae2.jpg

| image_caption = {{ordered list |style=text-align: left; |Xiphactinus audax |Ichthyodectes ctenodon |Cladocyclus gardneri |Chirocentrites sp.}}

| taxon = Ichthyodectiformes

| authority = Bardack & Sprinkle, 1969

| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups

| subdivision = See text

}}

Ichthyodectiformes is an extinct order of marine stem-teleost ray-finned fish. The order is named after the genus Ichthyodectes, established by Edward Drinker Cope in 1870. Ichthyodectiforms are usually considered to be some of the closest relatives of the teleost crown group.{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Joseph S.|last2=Grande|first2=Terry C.|last3=Wilson|first3=Mark V. H.|year=2016|title=Fishes of the World|edition=5th|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118342336}}

They were most diverse throughout the Cretaceous period, though basal forms like Thrissops, Occithrissops and Allothrissops are known from the Middle-Late Jurassic of Europe and North America. They were almost entirely wiped out by the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, but a single species, Saurocephalus lanciformis, appears to have survived into the earliest Paleocene (Danian).{{Cite journal |last=Boles |first=Zachary |last2=Ullmann |first2=Paul |last3=Putnam |first3=Ian |last4=Ford |first4=Mariele |last5=Deckhut |first5=Joseph |date=2024 |title=New vertebrate microfossils expand the chondrichthyan and actinopterygian fauna of the Maastrichtian–Danian Hornerstown Formation in New Jersey |url=https://doi.org/10.4202/app.01117.2023 |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |language=en |volume=69 |doi=10.4202/app.01117.2023 |issn=0567-7920|doi-access=free }}

Most ichthyodectiforms ranged between {{convert|1|and|5|m|ft|sp=us}} in length. Most of known taxa were predators, feeding on smaller fish; in several cases, larger ichthyodectiforms preyed on smaller members of the order. Some species had remarkably large teeth, though others, such as Gillicus arcuatus, had small ones and sucked in their prey. Heckelichthys preopercularis is a rare example of non-predatory ichthyodectiform, more likely to be microphagous, fed on small particles.{{Cite journal |last1=Baños-Rodríguez |first1=Rocio Elizabeth |last2=González-Rodríguez |first2=Katia Adriana |last3=Wilson |first3=Mark V. H. |last4=González-Martínez |first4=Jorge Alberto |date=2020-06-01 |title=A new species of Heckelichthys from the Muhi Quarry (Albian–Cenomanian) of central Mexico |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667119304276 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=110 |pages=104415 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104415 |bibcode=2020CrRes.11004415B |s2cid=213275574 |issn=0195-6671|url-access=subscription }} There is evidence that at least one species, Xiphactinus audax, may have been endothermic ("warm-blooded").{{cite journal |last1=Ferrón |first1=H. G. |title=Evidence of endothermy in the extinct macropredatory osteichthyan Xiphactinus audax (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2019 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=e1724123 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1724123|bibcode=2019JVPal..39E4123F |hdl=1983/e6d12da6-4f25-46ce-bb14-74fd2beddd82 |s2cid=216158318 |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/e6d12da6-4f25-46ce-bb14-74fd2beddd82 |hdl-access=free }} Another genus, Dugaldia, may have been able to laterally open its mouth extremely wide in a manner akin to the modern sarcastic fringehead.{{Cite journal |last=Cavin |first=Lionel |last2=Berrell |first2=Rodney W. |date=2019-01-02 |title=Revision of Dugaldia emmilta (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) from the Toolebuc Formation, Albian of Australia, with comments on the jaw mechanics |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2019.1576049 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=e1576049 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1576049 |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}

Systematics

The basal phylogeny is badly resolved, leading to many ichthyodectiforms that are simply known to be rather primitive, but where nothing certain can be said about their precise relationships.

{{Extinct}}Ichthyodectiformes{{cite journal |last1=Cavin |first1=L. |last2=Berrell |first2=R. W. |title=Revision of Dugaldia emmilta (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) from the Toolebuc Formation, Albian of Australia, with comments on the jaw mechanics |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2019 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=e1576049 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1576049|bibcode=2019JVPal..39E6049C |s2cid=190880286 }}{{cite journal |last1=Hacker |first1=R. J. |last2=Shimada |first2=K. |title=A new ichthyodectiform fish (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Arlington Member (mid-Cenomanian) of the Upper Cretaceous Woodbine Formation in Texas, USA |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=2021 |volume=123 |pages=104798 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104798|bibcode=2021CrRes.12304798H |s2cid=233806833 }}

{{Extinct}}Africathrissops Taverne, 2010{{cite journal |last1=Taverne |first1=L. |title=Les Ichthyodectidae (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) des schistes bitumineux de TAptien (Crétacé inférieur) de Guinée Équatoriale et du Gabon |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique |date=2010 |volume=80 |pages=115–143 |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/240420.pdf |language=fr}}
{{Extinct}}Allothrissops Nybelin, 1964
{{Extinct}}Antarctithrissops Arratia et al., 2004{{cite journal |last1=Arratia |first1=G. |last2=Scasso |first2=R. A. |last3=Kiessling |first3=W. |title=Late Jurassic fishes from Longing Gap, Antarctic Peninsula |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2004 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=41–55 |doi=10.1671/1952-4 |bibcode=2004JVPal..24...41A |s2cid=85783766 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232669427|hdl=11336/91532 |hdl-access=free }}
{{Extinct}}Ascalabothrissops? Arratia, 2000{{cite journal |last1=Arratia |first1=G. |title=Remarkable teleostean fishes from the Late Jurassic of southern Germany and their phylogenetic relationships |journal=Fossil Record |date=2000 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=137–179 |doi=10.1002/mmng.20000030108|doi-access=free }}
{{Extinct}}Capassoichthys Taverne, 2015{{cite journal |last1=Taverne |first1=L. |last2=Capasso |first2=L. |title=Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Furloichthys bonarellii gen. and sp. nov. (Teleostei, Ichthyodectidae), a tropical fish from the Upper Cretaceous of central Italy |journal=Geo-Eco-Trop. |date=2018 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=75–88 |url=https://geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_421_06.pdf}}
{{Extinct}}Carsothrissops d'Erasmo, 1946{{Cite journal |last=Palci |first=Alessandro |last2=Jurkovšek |first2=Bogdan |last3=Kolar-Jurkovšek |first3=Tea |last4=Caldwell |first4=Michael W. |date=2008-01-01 |title=New palaeoenvironmental model for the Komen (Slovenia) Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) fossil lagerstätte |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CrRes..29..316P |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=29 |pages=316–328 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2007.05.003}}
{{Extinct}}Dugaldia Lees, 1990
{{Extinct}}Faugichthys Taverne & Chanet, 2000
{{Extinct}}Furloichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2018
{{Extinct}}Occithrissops Schaeffer & Patterson, 1984
{{Extinct}}Ogunichthys Alvarado-Ortega & Brito, 2009
{{Extinct}}Pachythrissops? Woodward, 1919
{{Extinct}}Prymnetes Cope, 1871{{cite journal |last1=Blanco-Piñón |first1=A. |last2=Alvarado-Ortega |first2=J. |title=Review of Vallecillichthys multivertebratum (Teleostei: Ichthyodectiformes), a Late Cretaceous (early Turonian) "Bulldog fish" from northeastern Mexico |journal=Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas |date=2007 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=450–466 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/572/57224312.pdf}}
{{Extinct}}Thrissops Agassiz, 1843
{{Extinct}}Sultanuvaisia Nesov, 1981
{{Extinct}}Unamichthys Alvarado-Ortega, 2004
{{Extinct}}Verraesichthys Taverne, 2010
{{Extinct}}Chuhsiungichthyidae? Yabumoto, 1994{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=H. |last2=Chang |first2=M. |last3=Wu |first3=F. |last4=Kim |first4=Y. |title=A new ichthyodectiform (Pisces, Teleostei) from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea and its paleobiogeographic implication |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=2014 |volume=47 |pages=117–130 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.007|bibcode=2014CrRes..47..117K }}{{Cite journal |last=Alvarado-Ortega |first=Jesús |date=2024-12-29 |title=Amakusaichthys benammii sp. nov., a Campanian long-nose ichthyodectiform fish from the Tzimol Quarry, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5295-a-long-nose-ichthyodectiform |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.26879/1444 |issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free }}
{{Extinct}}Chuhsiungichthys? Lew, 1974
{{Extinct}}Jinjuichthys? Kim et al., 2014
{{Extinct}}Mesoclupea? Ping & Yen, 1933
{{Extinct}}Bardackichthyidae? Hacker & Shimada, 2021
{{Extinct}}Bardackichthys? Hacker & Shimada, 2021
{{Extinct}}Cladocyclidae Maisey, 1991
{{Extinct}}Aidachar Nesov, 1981{{cite journal |last1=Cavin |first1=L. |last2=Boudad |first2=L. |last3=Tong |first3=H. |last4=Läng |first4=E. |last5=Tabouelle |first5=J. |last6=Vullo |first6=R. |title=Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2015 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=e0125786 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125786|pmid=26018561 |pmc=4446216 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025786C |doi-access=free }}
{{Extinct}}Chirocentrites Heckel, 1849
{{Extinct}}Chiromystus Cope, 1885
{{Extinct}}Cladocyclus Agassiz, 1841
{{Extinct}}Cladocynodon de Mayrinck et al., 2023{{cite journal |last1=de Mayrinck |first1=D. |last2=Ribeiro |first2=A. C. |last3=Assine |first3=M. L. |last4=Spigolon |first4=A. L. D. |title=A New Genus and Species of †Cladocyclidae (Teleostei: †Ichthyodectiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous "Batateira Beds", Barbalha Formation, Araripe Basin: The First Vertebrate Record in a Still Poorly Explored Fossil Site |journal=Diversity |date=2023 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=413 |doi=10.3390/d15030413 |doi-access=free }}
{{Extinct}}Eubiodectes Hay, 1903
{{Extinct}}Ichthyodectidae Crook, 1892
{{Extinct}}Cooyoo Bartholomai & Less, 1987
{{Extinct}}Ghrisichthys Cavin et al., 2013
{{Extinct}}Ichthyodectes Cope, 1870
{{Extinct}}Postredectes Kaddumi, 2009{{Cite book |last=Kaddumi |first=Hani F. |title=Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas |publisher=Eternal River Museum of Natural History |year=2009 |location=Amman |chapter=Ichthyodectids of the late Maastrichtian sediments of the Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation of Harrana |oclc=709582892}}
{{Extinct}}Xiphactinus Leidy, 1870
{{Extinct}}Heckelichthyidae Alvarado-Ortega, 2024
{{Extinct}}Altamuraichthys? Taverne, 2016
{{Extinct}}Amakusaichthys Yabumoto et al., 2020
{{Extinct}}Garganoichthys? Taverne, 2009
{{Extinct}}Heckelichthys Taverne, 2008
{{Extinct}}Saurodontidae Cope, 1870Cope, E. D. (1870). On the Saurodontidæ. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 11:529-538Cope, E. D. (1873). On two new species of Saurodontidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 25:2-339
{{Extinct}}Gillicus Cope, 1875
{{Extinct}}Gwawinapterus Arbour & Currie, 2011Vullo, R., Buffetaut, E. and Everhart, M.J. (2012). "Reappraisal of Gwawinapterus beardi from the Late Cretaceous of Canada: a saurodontid fish, not a pterosaur." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32(5): 1198-1201. {{doi|10.1080/02724634.2012.681078}}
{{Extinct}}Prosaurodon Stewart, 1999
{{Extinct}}Saurocephalus Harlan, 1824
{{Extinct}}Saurodon Hay, 1830
{{Extinct}}Vallecillichthys Blanco & Cavin, 2003

References

External links

{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Ichthyodectiformes}}

Category:Prehistoric teleostei

Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish orders

Category:Late Jurassic first appearances

Category:Paleocene extinctions

Category:Taxa described in 1969