Ichthyosaurus

File:First complete ichthyosaur skeleton.jpg]]

Ichthyosaurus was the first complete fossil to be discovered in the early 19th century by Mary Anning in England;Essesials of Anthropology 6th addition the holotype of I. communis, no coll. number given,Judy A. Massare & Dean R. Lomax (2018). A taxonomic reassessment of Ichthyosaurus communis and I. intermedius and a revised diagnosis for the genus, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 16:3, 263-277, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2017.129111 was a fairly complete specimen discovered by Mary and Joseph Anning around 1814 in Lyme RegisHome, E. (1814). Some account of the fossil remains of an animal more nearly allied to fishes than any other classes of animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 101, 571–577. but was reported as lost by McGowan (1974) in his review of the latipinnate ichthyosaurs of England.McGowan, C. (1974). A revision of the latipinnate ichthyosaurs of the Lower Jurassic of England (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria). Life Science Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum 100:1–30 The name Ichthyosaurus was first used by Charles König in 1818, but it was not used in a formal scientific description, with the earliest described ichthyosaur being Proteosaurus by James Everard Home in 1819 for a skeleton which is now attributed to Temnodontosaurus platyodon. Henry De la Beche and William Conybeare in 1821 considered Ichthyosaurus to have taxonomic priority over Proteosaurus and named the species I. communis based on BMNH 2149 (now NHMUK PV R1158), a now partially lost specimen now assigned to Temnodontosaurus that was discovered and collected between 1811 and 1812.De la Beche, H. T. & W. D. Conybeare. (1821). Notice of the discovery of a new fossil animal, forming a link between the Ichthyosaurus and crocodile, together with general remarks on the osteology of the Ichthyosaurus. Transactions of the Geological Society of London 5: 559–594.Conybeare, W. D. (1822). Additional notices on the fossil genera Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 1, 103–123. One specimen that Home had assigned to Proteosaurus was the first complete ichthyosaur skeleton known, but it was destroyed in WW2. Two casts were rediscovered in 2022, showing that the specimen belonged to Ichthyosaurus, but of uncertain species.{{cite journal |last1=Lomax |first1=Dean R. |last2=Massare |first2=Judy A. |title=Rediscovery of two casts of the historically important ' Proteo-saurus ', the first complete ichthyosaur skeleton |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=2022 |volume=9 |issue=11 |doi=10.1098/rsos.220966|pmid=36405641 |pmc=9626254 |bibcode=2022RSOS....920966L }} During the 19th century, almost all fossil ichthyosaurs were attributed to Ichthyosaurus, resulting in the genus having over 50 species by 1900. These species were subsequently moved to separate genera or synonymised with other species.

I. anningae, described in 2015 from a fossil found in the early 1980s in Dorset, England, was named after Anning.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-31521719|title=BBC News - Forgotten fossil found to be new species of ichthyosaur|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=19 February 2015|work=BBC Online|access-date=22 February 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/db/enews/article.asp?Archive=&CatID=31&Art=6211|title=New species discovered in Doncaster|date=19 February 2015|access-date=22 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222185509/http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/db/enews/article.asp?Archive=&CatID=31&Art=6211|archive-date=22 February 2015}}{{cite journal|last1=Lomax |first1=Dean R. |last2=Massare |first2=Judy A. |year=2015|title=A new species of Ichthyosaurusfrom the Lower Jurassic of West Dorset, England, U.K.|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=35 |issue=2 |page=e903260|issn=0272-4634|doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.903260|bibcode=2015JVPal..35E3260L |s2cid=85745787 |url=http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A5778FB5-A116-480A-93CA-AFC932ACAB55}} The fossil was acquired by Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery, where it was misidentified as a plaster cast. In 2008, Dean Lomax, from the University of Manchester, recognised it as genuine and worked with Judy Massare, of the State University of New York, to establish it as a new species.

File:Ichthyosaurus_Size_2.svg

Ichthyosaurus was smaller than most of its relatives, with the largest specimen of I. somersetensis measuring up to {{cvt|3|-|3.3|m|ft}} in length.{{cite journal | last1 = Lomax | first1 = D.R. | last2 = Sachs | first2 = S. | title = On the largest Ichthyosaurus: A new specimen of Ichthyosaurus somersetensis containing an embryo. | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | doi = 10.4202/app.00376.2017 | url = http://app.pan.pl/article/item/app003762017.html | date = 2017| volume = 62 | doi-access = free }} In comparison, other species were much smaller, with the I. communis reaching up to {{convert|2|m|ft}} in length, I. larkini probably up to {{convert|2.5|m|ft}}, I. anningae up to {{convert|1.8|m|ft}}, I. breviceps up to {{convert|1.9|m|ft}}, and I. conybeari up to {{convert|1.5|m|ft}}. Many Ichthyosaurus fossils are well-preserved and fully articulated. Some fossils still had baby specimens inside them, indicating that Ichthyosaurus was viviparous. Similar finds in the related Stenopterygius also show this.Böttcher R. 1990. Neue Erkenntnisse über die Fortpflanzungsbiologie der Ichthyosaurier. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 164: 1-51Martill D.M. 1993. Soupy Substrates: A Medium for the Exceptional Preservation of Ichthyosaurs of the Posidonia Shale (Lower Jurassic) of Germany. Kaupia - Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte 2: 77-97 Jurassic ichthyosaurs had a fleshy dorsal fin on their back as well as a large caudal fin. Icthyosaurus is distinguished from other ichthyosaurs by having a wide forefin with 5 or more digits with an anterior digital bifurcation, but the morphology of the humerus and coracoids are also distinct from that of other Lower Jurassic ichthyosaurs, as is the arrangement of the dermal bones, though the suture lines used to diagnose these are not always visible.

File:Ichthyosaurus BW.jpg of I. communis]]

File:Ichthyosaurus breviceps 2.jpg

This cladogram below follows the topology from a 2010 analysis by Patrick S. Druckenmiller and Erin E. Maxwell.{{cite journal|last1=Druckenmiller|first1=P. M.|last2=Maxwell|first2=E. E.|year=2010|title=A new Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=47|issue=8|pages=1037–1053|doi=10.1139/E10-028|bibcode=2010CaJES..47.1037D}}

{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%

|label1=Thunnosauria

|1={{clade

|1=Ichthyosaurus

|2={{clade

|1=Stenopterygius

|2={{clade

|1=Baptanodon

|label2=Ophthalmosauridae

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Aegirosaurus

|2=Ophthalmosaurus (type species) }}

|2={{clade

|1=Mollesaurus

|2={{clade

|1=Athabascasaurus

|2={{clade

|1=Brachypterygius

|2={{clade

|1=Arthropterygius

|2=Caypullisaurus

|3="Platypterygius" hercynicus

|4="Platypterygius" australis (=Longirostria)Arkhangel’sky, M. S., 1998, On the Ichthyosaurian Genus Platypterygius: Palaeontological Journal, v. 32, n. 6, p. 611-615.

|5=Platypterygius (type species)

|6={{clade

|1=Maiaspondylus

|2="Platypterygius" americanus (=Tenuirostria) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

File:Ichthyosaurus anningae trio NT small.jpg

Ichthyosaurus is suggested to have been a ram feeder, with the morphology of its hyobranchial apparatus suggesting that it was incapable of suction feeding,{{Cite journal |last1=Motani |first1=Ryosuke |last2=Ji |first2=Cheng |last3=Tomita |first3=Taketeru |last4=Kelley |first4=Neil |last5=Maxwell |first5=Erin |last6=Jiang |first6=Da-yong |last7=Sander |first7=Paul Martin |date=2013-12-11 |editor-last=Dodson |editor-first=Peter |title=Absence of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs and Its Implications for Triassic Mesopelagic Paleoecology |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=e66075 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0066075 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3859474 |pmid=24348983|bibcode=2013PLoSO...866075M }} using the jaws and teeth alone to capture prey. Ichthyosaurus is thought to have been a pursuit predator that was capable of sustained swift swimming via thunniform locomotion.{{Cite journal |last1=Dick |first1=Daniel G. |last2=Maxwell |first2=Erin E. |date=July 2015 |title=The evolution and extinction of the ichthyosaurs from the perspective of quantitative ecospace modelling |journal=Biology Letters |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=20150339 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2015.0339 |issn=1744-9561 |pmc=4528449 |pmid=26156130}} Stomach contents of Ichthyosaurus anningae indicate that it fed on cephalopods (likely belemnites) and fish.D.R. Lomax [https://paludicolavertpaleo.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/8-1-lomax-2010.pdf An Ichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) with gastric contents from Charmouth, England: first report of the genus from the Pliensbachian] Paludicola, 8 (2010), pp. 23-36 Like other ichthyosaurs, it likely relied on its sense of sight, possibly in combination with olfaction.{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Johannes |last2=Bickelmann |first2=Constanze |last3=Sobral |first3=Gabriela |date=2018-05-30 |title=The Evolution and Fossil History of Sensory Perception in Amniote Vertebrates |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010120 |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=495–519 |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010120 |bibcode=2018AREPS..46..495M |issn=0084-6597|url-access=subscription }}

It was initially believed that Ichthyosaurus laid eggs on land, but fossil evidence shows that in fact the females gave birth to live young. As such, they were well-adapted to life as fully pelagic organisms (i.e. they never came onto land). Three pregnant females are known, all of the subspecies I. somersetensis. Although none of the fetuses show a clear birth orientation it is likely they exited tail-first, a common feature in highly aquatic vertebrates.

File:View of a dinosaur in the Dinosaur Trail in Crystal Palace Park ^19 - geograph.org.uk - 4491074.jpg]]

Joseph Victor von Scheffels poem Der Ichthyosaurus describes its extinction in humouristic verses. A monument on Hohentwiel cites it as well.[http://www.siecke.com/R_SIECKE_katalog_innen_opt.pdf Werkkatalog Sieckes] (PDF; 7,7 MB) The poem has been translated among others by Charles Godfrey LelandCharles Godfrey Leland, Gaudeamus! Humorous Poems by Joseph Viktor von Scheffel, [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35848?msg=welcome_stranger#bibrec Ebook-Nr. 35848 on gutenberg.org]

Some of the stanzas:

{{Quote box2 |width=320px |border=1px |align=center |bgcolor=#ffe4b5 |fontsize=100% |halign=center

|quote=

The rushes are strangely rustling,

The ocean uncannily gleams,

As with tears in his eyes down gushing,

An Ichthyosaurus swims.

He bewails the frightful corruption

Of his age, for an awful tone

Has lately been noticed by many

In the Lias formation shown.

}}

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Category:Ichthyosaurs of Europe

Category:Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs

Category:Early Jurassic reptiles of Europe

Category:Late Triassic ichthyosaurs

Category:Late Triassic reptiles of Europe

Category:Fossil taxa described in 1821

Category:Rhaetian first appearances

Category:Taxa named by Henry De la Beche

Category:Taxa named by William Conybeare

Category:Early Jurassic extinctions

Category:Ichthyosauromorph genera