Identity matrix

{{Short description|Square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere}}

In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size $n$ is the $n\times n$ square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It has unique properties, for example when the identity matrix represents a geometric transformation, the object remains unchanged by the transformation. In other contexts, it is analogous to multiplying by the number 1.

Terminology and notation

The identity matrix is often denoted by $I_n$ , or simply by $I$ if the size is immaterial or can be trivially determined by the context.{{Cite web|title=Identity matrix: intro to identity matrices (article)| url=https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/x9e81a4f98389efdf:matrices/x9e81a4f98389efdf:properties-of-matrix-multiplication/a/intro-to-identity-matrices | access-date=2020-08-14| website=Khan Academy| language=en}}

$I_1 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \end{bmatrix}
,\
I_2 = \begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
,\
I_3 = \begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
,\ \dots ,\
I_n = \begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$

The term unit matrix has also been widely used,{{cite book |title=Matrix Methods for Engineering |series=Prentice-Hall International Series in Applied Mathematics |first=Louis Albert |last=Pipes |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1963 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJNRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 }}Roger Godement, Algebra, 1968.ISO 80000-2:2009.Ken Stroud, Engineering Mathematics, 2013. but the term identity matrix is now standard.ISO 80000-2:2019. The term unit matrix is ambiguous, because it is also used for a matrix of ones and for any unit of the ring of all $n\times n$ matrices.{{Cite web| last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.| title=Unit Matrix|url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/UnitMatrix.html|access-date=2021-05-05| website=mathworld.wolfram.com| language=en}}

In some fields, such as group theory or quantum mechanics, the identity matrix is sometimes denoted by a boldface one, $\mathbf{1}$ , or called "id" (short for identity). Less frequently, some mathematics books use $U$ or $E$ to represent the identity matrix, standing for "unit matrix" and the German word {{lang|de|Einheitsmatrix}} respectively.{{Cite web| last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.|title=Identity Matrix | url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/IdentityMatrix.html|access-date=2020-08-14 | website=mathworld.wolfram.com | language=en}}

In terms of a notation that is sometimes used to concisely describe diagonal matrices, the identity matrix can be written as

$I_n = \operatorname{diag}(1, 1, \dots, 1).$

The identity matrix can also be written using the Kronecker delta notation:

$(I_n)_{ij} = \delta_{ij}.$

Properties

When $A$ is an $m\times n$ matrix, it is a property of matrix multiplication that

$I_m A = A I_n = A.$

In particular, the identity matrix serves as the multiplicative identity of the matrix ring of all $n\times n$ matrices, and as the identity element of the general linear group $GL(n)$ , which consists of all invertible $n\times n$ matrices under the matrix multiplication operation. In particular, the identity matrix is invertible. It is an involutory matrix, equal to its own inverse. In this group, two square matrices have the identity matrix as their product exactly when they are the inverses of each other.

When $n\times n$ matrices are used to represent linear transformations from an $n$ -dimensional vector space to itself, the identity matrix $I_n$ represents the identity function, for whatever basis was used in this representation.

The $i$ th column of an identity matrix is the unit vector $e_i$ , a vector whose $i$ th entry is 1 and 0 elsewhere. The determinant of the identity matrix is 1, and its trace is $n$ .

The identity matrix is the only idempotent matrix with non-zero determinant. That is, it is the only matrix such that:

When multiplied by itself, the result is itself
All of its rows and columns are linearly independent.

The principal square root of an identity matrix is itself, and this is its only positive-definite square root. However, every identity matrix with at least two rows and columns has an infinitude of symmetric square roots.{{cite journal

| last = Mitchell | first = Douglas W.

| date = November 2003

| doi = 10.1017/S0025557200173723

| issue = 510

| journal = The Mathematical Gazette

| jstor = 3621289

| pages = 499–500

| title = 87.57 Using Pythagorean triples to generate square roots of $I_2$

| volume = 87| doi-access = free

}}

The rank of an identity matrix $I_n$ equals the size $n$ , i.e.:

$\operatorname{rank}(I_n) = n .$