Idios kosmos
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Idios kosmos (from {{langx|grc|ἴδιος κόσμος}}) is people's "own world" or "private world" as distinguished from the "common world" ({{em|koinos kosmos}}). The origin of the term is attributed to fragment B89 (Diels–Kranz numbering) of the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus: "The waking have one common world, but the sleeping turn aside each into a world of his own." The term has various interpretations: {{em|idios kosmos}} is associated with dreaming, imagination, and delusion; {{em|koinos kosmos}} with wakefulness, reason, and consensus reality.
From the 1950s, the term was adopted by phenomenological/existential psychologists, such as Ludwig Binswanger and Rollo May, to refer to the experience of people with delusions or other problems who have trouble seeing beyond a limited private world of their own minds or who confuse this private world with shared reality.
It was an important part of novelist Philip K. Dick's views on schizophrenia, as expressed in his 1964 essay "Schizophrenia & 'The Book of Changes'", where he drew on his familiarity with the existential psychologists, Heraclitus, and the I Ching. The {{em|koinos kosmos}} is mentioned in the Dick novel Lies Inc. where the protagonist mentions that he was "able to maintain contact with the stable objective {{em|koinos kosmos}} so that I never forgot that what I was seeing emanated from my own psyche".
References
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{{cite book |last=Dick |first=Philip K. |author-link=Philip K. Dick |date=2004 |title=Lies, Inc. |location=New York |publisher=Vintage Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/liesinc0000dick/page/91 91] |isbn=1400030080 |oclc=53306621 |url=https://archive.org/details/liesinc0000dick/page/91 |url-access=registration}}
{{cite book |last=Burnet |first=John |author-link=John Burnet (classicist) |date=1920 |chapter=Herakleitos of Ephesos |title=Early Greek philosophy |edition=3rd |location=London |publisher=A & C Black |page=[https://archive.org/details/earlygreekphilos00burnrich/page/140 140] |oclc=3610194 |quote=(95) The waking have one common world, but the sleeping turn aside each into a world of his own.}} See also: {{cite book |last=Patrick |first=G. T. W. |date=1889 |orig-year=1888 |title=The fragments of the work of Heraclitus of Ephesus on nature |translator=George Thomas White Patrick, from the Greek text of Ingram Bywater |location=Baltimore |publisher=N. Murray |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BtF89OydL80C&pg=PA107 107], [https://books.google.com/books?id=BtF89OydL80C&pg=PA130 130] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtF89OydL80C |quote=XCV.—Plutarch, de Superst. 3, p. 166. Heraclitus says: To those who are awake, there is one world in common, but of those who are asleep, each is withdrawn to a private world of his own. ... XCV. Plutarchus de Superst. 3, p. 166: ὁ Ἡράκλειτός φησι, τοῖς ἐγρηγορόσιν ἕνα καὶ κοινὸν κόσμον εἶναι, τῶν δὲ κοιμωμένων ἕκαστον εἰς ἴδιον ἀποστρέφεσθαι.}}
{{cite book |last=Hora |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Hora |date=1962 |chapter=Existential psychiatry and group psychotherapy |editor-last=Ruitenbeek |editor-first=Hendrik Marinus |title=Psychoanalysis and existential philosophy |series=Dutton paperback |volume=D94 |location=New York |publisher=E. P. Dutton |pages=130–154 ([https://archive.org/details/psychoanalysisex00ruit/page/132 132]) |oclc=261150 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/psychoanalysisex00ruit/page/132 |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=The removal of these obstacles to cognition, to authentic interhuman communication and communion, is an essential feature of the existential group psychotherapeutic endeavor. Man is to be liberated from the prison of his 'idios cosmos' (private world of ideas) and enabled to live in the 'coinos cosmos' (shared word of communing) (Heraclitus). Only here can his essential humanness come to fruition.}}
{{cite book |last=Kucukalic |first=Lejla |date=2009 |chapter=Dick's view of koinos–idios cosmos |title=Philip K. Dick: canonical writer of the digital age |series=Studies in major literary authors |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/philipkdickcanon0000kucu/page/54 54–57] |isbn=9780415962421 |oclc=229467503 |doi=10.4324/9780203886847-8 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/philipkdickcanon0000kucu/page/54 |chapter-url-access=registration }}
{{cite book |author1-last=López-Ibor Jr. |author1-first=Juan J. |author2-last=López-Ibor Alcocer |author2-first=María Inés |date=2010 |chapter=Religious experience and psychopathology |editor1-last=Verhagen |editor1-first=Peter J. |editor2-last=Van Praag |editor2-first=Herman M. |editor3-last=López-Ibor |editor3-first=Juan José |editor4-last=Cox |editor4-first=John |editor5-last=Moussaoui |editor5-first=Driss |title=Religion and psychiatry: beyond boundaries |series=World Psychiatric Association evidence in psychiatry series |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |pages=211–233 (215) |isbn=9780470694718 |oclc=406945520 |doi=10.1002/9780470682203.ch12 |citeseerx=10.1.1.486.4688 |quote=Delusions are the replacement of common sense by a very private sense ... Phenomenological and existentialist influenced psychiatry has described how delusional ideas consist of the desire to control one's own world, {{em|idios kosmos}}, or the common world, {{em|koinos kosmos}} [14]. Each one of us is in two worlds at the same time, the one of common reality and one's own in which fantasy, dreams or simple longings and hopes reign. The sane person is able to distinguish one from another, and even to pass from one to another even when doubts about that radical ambiguity of our consciousness assault him or her. In delusions everything is different.}}
{{cite book |last=May |first=Rollo |author-link=Rollo May |date=1958 |chapter=Contributions of existential psychotherapy |editor1-last=May |editor1-first=Rollo |editor2-last=Angel |editor2-first=Ernest |editor3-last=Ellenberger |editor3-first=Henri F. |editor3-link=Henri Ellenberger |title=Existence: a new dimension in psychiatry and psychology |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |pages=37–91 ([https://archive.org/details/existencenewdime0000roll/page/81 81]) |isbn=9780671203146 |oclc=14599810 |doi=10.1037/11321-002 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/existencenewdime0000roll/page/81 |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=Binswanger writes as follows, in his paper on psychotherapy, concerning the significance of the therapist's role of the relationship ... 'the fundamental power that makes any therapy work—the power to liberate a person from the blind isolation, the {{em|idios kosmos}} of Heraclitus, from a mere vegetating in his body, his dreams, his private wishes, his conceit and his presumptions, and to ready him for a life of {{em|koinonia}}, of genuine community.'}} The term {{em|idios kosmos}} is also used elsewhere in the same book by psychiatrist {{interlanguage link|Viktor Emil von Gebsattel|de}} on [https://archive.org/details/existencenewdime0000roll/page/182 page 182] and again by Binswanger on [https://archive.org/details/existencenewdime0000roll/page/273 page 273].
{{cite book |last=Voegelin |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Voegelin |date=1978 |origyear=1974 |chapter=Reason: the classic experience |title=Anamnesis: on the theory of history and politics |series=The collected works of Eric Voegelin |volume=6 |translator=Gerhart Niemeyer |location=Notre Dame, IN |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |pages=89–115 ([https://archive.org/details/anamnesis0000voeg/page/98 98]) |isbn=0268005834 |oclc=3540466 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/anamnesis0000voeg/page/98 |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=Heraclitus had distinguished between the men who live in the one and common world ({{em|koinos kosmos}}) of the logos which is the common bond of humanity ({{em|homologia}}) and the men who live in the several private worlds ({{em|idios kosmos}}) of their passion and imagination, between the men who lead a waking life and the sleepwalkers who take their dreams for reality (B 89) ...}}
{{cite book |last=Wolk |first=Anthony |date=1995 |chapter=The Swiss connection: psychological systems in the novels of Philip K. Dick |editor-last=Umland |editor-first=Samuel J. |title=Philip K. Dick: contemporary critical interpretations |series=Contributions to the study of science fiction and fantasy |volume=63 |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Press |pages=101–126 |isbn=0313292957 |oclc=30814973 }}
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