Ikarus 451
| {{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name=451 |image= File:BAM-41-Ikarus 451 M.jpg |caption=The first Yugoslavian jet aircraft Ikarus S-451 M on display at the Aeronautical Museum Belgrade. }}{{Infobox Aircraft Type |type=Research aircraft |national origin=Yugoslavia |manufacturer=Ikarus |designer= |first flight= 25 October 1952 (Type 451M) |introduced= |retired= |status= |primary user= |more users= |produced= |number built= |variants with their own articles= }} |
The Ikarus 451 is a family of research aircraft designs built in the former Yugoslavia in the 1950s by the Belgrade-based manufacturer Ikarus (now Ikarbus), all sharing the same basic airframe, but differing in powerplants and cockpit arrangements. One member of the family Ikarus 451M became the first domestically-built jet aircraft to fly in Yugoslavia on 25 October 1952.{{cite book |title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1955–56| last= Bridgman| first= Leonard| year= 1955| publisher=Jane's all the World's Aircraft Publishing Co. Ltd.| location= London}} It was succeeded by the Ikarus 452.
Design, development, and variants
To research prone pilot cockpit arrangements and controls, the Yugoslav Government Aircraft Factories developed the Ikarus 232 Pionir, a small twin-engined low-wing monoplane, powered by 2x {{convert|65|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Walter Mikron III piston engines.
=Type 451=
An enlarged version of the Pionir was developed as the Type 451, powered by 2x {{convert|160|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Walter Minor 6-III six-cylinder piston engines of {{convert|160|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} each. The Type 451 had a 6.7 m (22 ft) wingspan, a maximum speed of 335 km/h (182 knots), and a ceiling of 4750m (15,570 ft). It first flew in 1952.
It also accommodated the pilot in prone position, but was an otherwise conventional low-wing monoplane with retractable tailwheel undercarriage, the main units of which retracted backwards into the engine nacelles mounted below the wings.
=451M Mlazni =
By the end of 1952, the Type 451 was followed by the 451M Mlazni ("Jet") which had conventional seating for the pilot. In place of the two Walter Minor 6-III inline engines of the original Ikarus 451, the 451M was fitted with Turbomeca Palas turbojets.
In this version, the undercarriage retracted inwards. Provision was made to carry one 20 mm Hispano Suiza 404A cannon under the fuselage, plus six RS rockets under the wings. Further developments were aimed at developing a viable military aircraft from this basic design.
=S-451M Zolja=
The S-451M Zolja ("Wasp") that flew in 1954 featured a stretched fuselage, folding wings, and redesigned engine nacelles, now in the same plane as the wing rather than being hung under them. In 1960 a S-451M Zolja set an airspeed record with a takeoff weight from {{convert|1000|kg|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1750|kg|abbr=on}}, flying at 500.2 km/hour.
=J-451MM Stršljen =
The S-451 Zola was developed into an armed version, the J-451MM Stršljen ("Hornet") intended for the close air support (Jurisnik) role, with Turbomeca Marbore engines boasting over twice the thrust of those used on earlier aircraft, and an armament increased to two HS.404 cannon carried under the fuselage. The J-451MM Stršljen also differed from preceding designs in having a tricycle undercarriage.
=S-451MM Matica=
The J-451MM Stršljen configuration then formed the basis for the S-451MM Matica ("Queen bee") two-seat trainer that set an airspeed record for aircraft weighing between {{convert|1750|kg|abbr=on}} and {{convert|3000|kg|abbr=on}}, achieving 750.34 km/hour (466.24 mph) in 1957. It was also developed into the T-451MM Stršljen II single-seat aerobatics trainer.
No member of the family was produced in any number. The 451, 451M, and J-451MM are all preserved at the Aeronautical Museum Belgrade.
Variants summary
= '''232 Pionir''' =
(Pionir – Pioneer) A small twin-engined prone-pilot research aircraft, powered by 2x {{convert|65|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Walter Mikron III piston engines. (1 built)
= '''S-451''' =
A larger, more powerful version of the Pionir, powered by 2x {{convert|160|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Walter Minor 6-III piston engines and also incorporating a prone pilot cockpit. (1 built)
= '''S-451M''' =
(Mlazni – Jet). Derived directly from the S-451 airframe, the S-451M substituted Turbomeca Palas turbojet engines for the piston engines, in underslung nacelles at the same positions on the wing and conventional cockpit.
= '''S-451M Zolja''' =
(Zolja – Wasp). Flown in 1954, the S-451M Zolja featured a stretched fuselage, folding wings, and engine nacelles centred on the wing chordline. Powered by 2x {{convert|353|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Turbomeca Palas 056A turbojet engines; set a world speed record in its class in 1960.
= '''J-451MM Stršljen''' =
J – Jurisnik – (close air support) (Stršljen – Hornet). The intended production close support version with tricycle undercarriage, Turbomeca Marbore engines and cannon armament. (1 built).
= '''S-451MM Matica''' =
(Matica – Queen bee). Two-seat trainer version, used for a world speed record in 1957.
= '''T-451MM Stršljen II''' =
A single seat aerobatic trainer, fitted with more ammunition and maximum ordnance weight was slightly increased.
Specifications (451M)
File:Ikarus 451m - Testing in Aeronautical Testing Center.jpg in 1950s.]]
{{Aircraft specs
|prime units? = met
|crew=One pilot
|length m=7.45
|length ft=24
|length in=5
|span m=6.78
|span ft=22
|span in=3
|height m=2.32
|height ft=7
|height in=7
|wing area sqm=8.0
|wing area sqft=86
|empty weight kg=897
|empty weight lb=1,977
|gross weight kg=1,350
|gross weight lb=2,980
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=Turbomeca Palas 056A
|eng1 kn=1.5
|eng1 lbf=330
|max speed kmh=470
|max speed mph=290
|range km=300
|range miles=190
|ceiling m=8,500
|ceiling ft=27,900
}}
See also
{{Portal|Aviation}}
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite book |last= Taylor |first= Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year=1989 |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London |pages=430 }}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.airwar.ru/enc/other/s451.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.airwar.ru/enc/other/s451.html%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Ikarus S-451M] (Specifications, photos, scheme...)
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718020139/http://rides.webshots.com/photo/2884361950033538523mVoavK Ikarus T-451M Stršljen ("Hornet") photo]
- [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?aircraft_genericsearch=Ikarus%20S-451&distinct_entry=true Ikarus S-451, 451M & S-451MM Matica ("Queen bee") photos]
- [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?aircraft_genericsearch=Ikarus%20T-451MM%20Strsljen&distinct_entry=true Ikarus T-451M Stršljen ("Hornet") & T-451MM Stršljen II ("Hornet II") photos]
{{Ikarus aircraft}}