Ikshvaku

{{Infobox deity

| type = Hindu

| image = Painting of Manu and Ikshvaku, attributed to Kesu Das, Yoga Vashisht, 1602.jpg

| caption = Painting of Manu and Ikshvaku, attributed to Kesu Das, Yoga Vashisht, 1602

| children = • 100 sons (including: Kukshi and Nimi) according to Hinduism
• 100 sons (including: Bahubali, Bharata, and Nami) as per Jainism
• 2 daughters: Brahmi and Sundari (as per to Hinduism and Jainism)

| dynasty = Suryavaṃśa (Ikshvaku dynasty) {founder}

| parents = Vaivasvata (father)
Shraddha (mother)

| affiliation = Ancestor of Rama

| successor = Prince Vikukshi

| texts = Ramayana, Versions of Ramayana (including Ramcharitmanas), Puranas

| venerated_in = Hinduism

| gender = Male

}}{{Hinduism small}}

Ikshvaku (Sanskrit {{transl|sa|Ikṣvāku}}; Pāli: {{transl|sa|Okkāka}}) is a legendary king in Indian religions, particularly Hindu and Jain scriptures. In Hinduism, he is described to be the first king of the Kosala Kingdom, and was one of the ten sons of Shraddhadeva Manu, the first man on the earth. He was the founder and first king of the Ikshvaku dynasty, also known as the Suryavamsha, in the kingdom of Kosala, which also historically existed in ancient India.{{sfn|Thapar|2013|pp=308–309}} He had a hundred sons,{{cite book|author=John Garrett|title=A Classical Dictionary of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6paBoEtkUt0C&pg=PA259|access-date=15 September 2017|year=1975|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|location=New Delhi|page=259|id=GGKEY:YTLNG1DG7JN}} among whom the eldest was Vikukshi. Another son of Ikshvaku's, named Nimi, founded the Kingdom of the Videhas.{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its Mythology, Religion, History, Literature, and Pantheon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ6O8nwsFWgC&pg=PA171|access-date=15 September 2017|year=2004|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7755-874-6|page=171}} Rama, Mahavira, and the Buddha are also stated to have belonged to the Suryavamsha or Ikshvaku dynasty.{{cite book|title=Ramopakhyana – The Story of Rama in the Mahabharata: A Sanskrit Independent-Study Reader|author=Peter Scharf|publisher=Routledge, 2014|page=559}}

Origin

From Kashyapa, through Aditi, Vivasvan was generated, and from him came Shraddhadeva Manu, who was born from the womb of Sanjna. Shraddhadeva's wife, Shraddha, gave birth to ten sons, including Ikshvaku and Nriga.

The Atharvaveda and Brahmanas associate the Ikshvakus with non-Aryan people, distinct from the Aryans who composed the hymns of the four Vedas.{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Parts 1-2|author=Indian History Congress|pages=32–33}}{{sfn|Ram Chandra Jain|1970|p=18}}{{quotation needed|date=March 2025}} F. E. Pargiter has equated the Ikshvakus with the Dravidians.{{sfn|Ram Chandra Jain|1970|p=21}} According to Franciscus Kuiper, Manfred Mayrhofer and Levman, the Iskvaku is derived from a Munda name:{{sfn|Levman|2014|pp= 148–149, 156–157}}{{efn|In the excerpt from pp. 148–149 quoted, Levman (2014){{sfn|Levman|2014|pp=148–149}} cites:

{{cite book|last=Kuiper |first=F. B. J. |date=1991 |page=7 |title=Aryans in the Rigveda |location=Amsterdam-Atlanta |publisher=Rodopi}}
{{cite book |last1=Mayrhofer |first1=Manfred |title=Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen |at=vol. 1, p. 185; vol. 2, p. 125|volume=1 and 2 (Bände 1 und 2) |trans-title=A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary |date=1963 |publisher=Carl Winter – Universitätsverlag |location=Heidelberg |language=de}}
{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Edward J. |title=The life of Buddha as legend and history |date=1960 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=London |page=23 |edition=1949 3rd rev. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofbuddhaasle0000ejth/page/22/mode/2up |orig-date=First published 1927}} }}

{{bq|text=The founder of the Sakya clan, King Ikṣvāku ({{langx|pi|Okkāka}}) has a Munda name, suggesting that the Sakyas were at least bilingual. Many of the Sakya village names are believed to be non-IA in origin, and the very word for town or city (nagara; cf. the Sakya village Nagakara, the locus of the Cūḷasuññata Sutta) is of Dravidian stock. [pp. 148–149]{{nbsp}}[...]{{pb}}The Sakya clan derive their ancestry from King Ikṣvāku, whose name is of Austro-Asiatic Munda origin. [pp. 156–157]{{anchor|Lev bq}}|2=Levman (2014)}}

However, there are those who contend with Pargiter. Ghurye holds that the Ikshvakus were Aryan horsemen and must have arrived in the subcontinent before the Aryans who composed the Rigveda. The Brahmana texts do also state that the Ikshvakus were a line of princes descended from the Purus. The Rigveda mentions that the Purus are one of the Aryan tribes. Mandhatri, an Ikshvaku ruler, is described in the Rigveda to have annihilated the Dasyus, and seeks the help of the Ashvin twins, the divine physicians of the Vedic religion.{{sfn|Pillai|1997|p=54}}

Literature

=Vedic=

In Rig Veda the name Ikshvaku is mentioned only once as follows:

{{poem quote|text=Him in whose service flourishes Iksvaku, rich and dazzling-bright.

{{in5}}As the Five Tribes that are in heaven.|author=|title=Rig Veda (RV)|source=Mandala 10, hymn 60, Verse 4}}

=Epic=

Agastya explains the origin of Ikshvaku to Rama in the Ramayana:{{sfn|Valmiki|1959|pp=[https://archive.org/details/the.ramayana.of.valmiki.by.hari.prasad.shastri_201909/page/n1591/mode/2up 589–591]}}

{{Blockquote|text=...{{nbsp}}[Agastya] that foremost of ascetics began to speak thus:{{pb}}"In ancient times in the golden age, O Rama, the Lord Manu was the ruler of the earth. His son was Ikshvaku, the enhancer of the felicity of his race. Having placed his eldest son, the invincible Ikshvaku on the throne, Manu said:—

"O Rama, Ikshvaku promised to follow his injunctions and Manu, greatly delighted, added:—

{{bq|'I am pleased with you, O Noble One, undoubtedly you shalt found a dynasty but, whilst ruling your subjects with firmness, never punish any who is without fault! A punishment meted out to the guilty according to the law is instrumental in conducting a monarch to heaven, therefore, O Long-armed Hero, O Dear Child, exercise extreme care in wielding the sceptre, this is your supreme duty on earth.'}}

"Having counselled his son repeatedly in this wise, Manu joyfully repaired to the eternal abode of Brahma."|3=Valmiki Ramayana|source=Book VII: Uttara Kanda: Ch. 79, p. 590}} The Vishnu Purana states that Ikshvaku emerged from the nostril of Manu when he happened to sneeze. He had a hundred sons, of whom the three most distinguished were Vikukshi, Nimi, and Danda. Fifty of his sons were the kings of the northern nations, while forty-eight of them were princes of the south. During an occasion known as Ashtaka, Ikshvaku wished to perform an ancestral rite, and ordered Vikukshi to bring him flesh suitable for the offering. The prince shot many deer in the forest, and other game, for the rite. Growing exhausted, he ate a hare among his catch and carried the other beasts to his father. Vashistha, the family priest of the dynasty of Ikshvaku, was requested to consecrate the offering. He declared that it was impure, since Vikukshi had eaten a hare among it, making his meal a residue. Vikukshi was abandoned by his father, offended by this act. But after the demise of Ikshvaku, the rule of Bhuloka passed on to Vikukshi, who was succeeded by his son, Puranjaya.{{sfn|Gita|2005}}

Jainism

In Jain texts, it is mentioned that Tirthankara Rishabhanatha is the same as king Ikshvaku.

Except for 20th Tīrthaṅkara Munisuvrata and 22nd Tīrthaṅkara Neminatha, remaining Tīrthaṅkaras are believed to have been royals of the Ikshvaku (either the main or a branched) lineage.{{sfn|Jain|1991|p=2}}

Notes

References

=Citations=

=Sources=

{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranagitapress_201907/mode/2up |title=Bhagavata Purana |publisher=Gita Press |date=2005|language=en}}
Book 9, Discourse 6. {{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranagitapress_201907/page/n901/mode/2up |title= Bhagavata Purana – Book Nine |publisher=Gita Press |date=2005 |pages=22–28 |chapter=The posterity of Ikswaku: The stories of Mandhata and the sage Saubhari |author=Gita |author-mask=0 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranagitapress_201907/page/n927/mode/2up}}
{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Kailash Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |title=Lord Mahāvīra and his times |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120808058 |edition=Rev. |location=Delhi |access-date=25 June 2022}}
{{cite book|title=Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata|author=Ram Chandra Jain|publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |date=1970}}
{{cite journal |last1=Levman |first1=Bryan Geoffrey |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |journal=Buddhist Studies Review|via=Equinoxpub |date=2014 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–180 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145 |url=https://journals.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/17899 |access-date=1 January 2014 |doi-access=free |eissn=1747-9681}}
{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=S. Devadas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&dq=ikshvaku+aryan&pg=PA154 |title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary |date=1997 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-807-1 |language=en}}
{{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
The Ramayana of Valmiki – Book VII: Uttara Kanda. Vol. III. Translated by Shastri, Hari Prasad. London: Shanti Sadan. 1959.
Chapter 79. {{cite book|author=Valmiki|author-mask=0 |translator=Hari Prasad Shastri|title=Book VII: Uttara Kanda |date=1959 |chapter=The Hundred Sons of Ikshvaku |volume=III |publisher=Shanti Sadan |location=London |pages= |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/the.ramayana.of.valmiki.by.hari.prasad.shastri_201909/page/n1589/mode/2up |url=https://archive.org/details/the.ramayana.of.valmiki.by.hari.prasad.shastri_201909/page/n999/mode/2up |language=en }}