Illicium verum

{{Short description|Star anise, a medium-sized evergreen tree native to northeast Vietnam and southeast China}}

{{Speciesbox

|image =Illicium verum 1zz.jpg

|image_caption =Illicium verum at the United States National Arboretum

| image2 = Dried Star Anise Fruit Seeds.jpg

| image2_caption = Star anise fruits and seeds

| genus = Illicium

| species = verum

| authority = Hook.f.

| synonyms =

{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |

Illicium san-ki Perr.

}}

|synonyms_ref = {{cite web

|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2861915

|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species

|access-date=3 September 2015}}

}}

Illicium verum (star anise or badian, Chinese star anise, star anise seed, star aniseed and star of anise) is a medium-sized evergreen tree native to South China and northeast Vietnam. Its star-shaped pericarps harvested just before ripening are a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor. Its primary production country is China, followed by Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries.{{Cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=Qiyuan |last2=Huang |first2=Yuanyuan |last3=Zhang |first3=Wenyan |last4=Lu |first4=Chen |last5=Yuan |first5=Jingquan |date=2023-11-01 |title=A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacology, Chemistry, Traditional Uses and Quality Control of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. F.): An Aromatic Medicinal Plant |journal=Molecules |volume=28 |issue=21 |pages=7378 |doi=10.3390/molecules28217378 |doi-access=free |issn=1420-3049 |pmid=37959797|pmc=10648513 }} Star anise oil is highly fragrant, used in cooking, perfumery, soaps, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. Until 2012, when they switched to using genetically modified E. coli, Roche Pharmaceuticals used up to 90% of the world's annual star anise crop to produce oseltamivir (Tamiflu) via shikimic acid.{{cite news | last = Schönholzer | first = Fabio | title = Dried Stars | newspaper = UZH News | location = Zürich | language = en | publisher = University of Zurich | date = 15 March 2018 | url = https://www.news.uzh.ch/en/articles/2018/star-anise.html | access-date = 21 February 2021}}

Etymology and nomenclature

{{infobox Chinese

|title=Star anise

|c=八角

|p=bājiǎo

|l="eight-horns"

|mi={{IPAc-cmn|b|a|1|.|j|iao|3}}

|y=baat-gok

|ci={{IPAc-yue|b|aat|3|-|g|ok|3}}

|poj=peh-kak

}}

Illicium comes from the Latin {{Lang|la|illicio}} meaning "entice" or "seduce".Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). pp 210, 400

Verum means "true" or "genuine".

The name "badian" appears to derive, via French {{Lang|fr|badiane}}, from the apparently descriptive Chinese name for it, {{Lang|zh|八角}}, {{Lang-zh|p=bājiǎo}}, lit. "eight horns". However, a derivation from the Persian {{lang|fa|بادیان}} {{Transliteration|fa|bādiyān}}, "fennel", exists, with the Oxford English Dictionary indicating that its origin before that is unknown."badian, n.". OED Online. September 2019. Oxford University Press. https://www-oed-com.library.access.arlingtonva.us/view/Entry/14568?redirectedFrom=badiane (accessed 8 September 2019).

Description

Leaves are aromatic, simple and lanceolate, obovate-elliptic or elliptic, size of 5–15 cm × 2–5 cm, coriaceous to thickly coriaceous.{{cite web |title=Illicium verum |url=https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Illicium_verum_(PROSEA) |website=PlantUse |access-date=8 November 2020}} The leaves are 5–15 cm × 1.5–5 cm, apex acute, lower side pubescent. Flowers are solitary, bisexual, pink to dark red, axillary or subterminal. The perianth has lobes 7–12, arranged spirally; stamens number of 11–20, arranged spirally, with short, thick filaments; carpels usually 8, free, arranged in a single whorl. Flower peduncle size is 1.5–4 cm, tepals number range from seven to twelve, and are broadly elliptic to broadly ovate, anthers size is 1–1.5 mm, pollen grains trisyncolpate.

The fruit is a capsule-like follicetum, star-shaped, reddish-brown, consisting of six to eight follicles arranged in a whorl. Each follicle is boat-shaped, 1–2 cm long, rough and rigid, color reddish-brown, with 1 seed, opening along the ventral edge when ripe. carpels size of 10 mm long, boat-shaped; they are hard and wrinkled, containing one seed. Seeds are brown, compressed ovoid, smooth, shiny and brittle with approximate size of 8–9 mm × 6 mm.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Guo-Wei |last2=Hu |first2=Wen-Ting |last3=Huang |first3=Bao-Kang |last4=Lu-Ping |first4=Qin |title=Illicium verum: A review on its botany, traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2011 |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=10–20 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.051|pmid=21549817 }}

Differences with similar taxa:

Illicium anisatum had smaller fruits that does not form a regular star due to the abortion of some carpels. Also fruit follicles are not swollen in the middle and had a more pointed apex. Also usually had more than 8 follicles and the fruit has weaker odour. The seeds in Illicium anisatum are flat or almost spherical.

Use

= Culinary use=

File:Star Aniseed back.jpg

File:Illicium verum00.jpg's 1833 Flore Medicale]]

Star anise contains anethole, the same compound that gives anise, an unrelated plant, its flavor. Star anise has come into use in the West as a less expensive substitute for anise in baking, as well as in liquor production, most distinctively in the production of the liqueur Galliano.{{cite web|title= Galliano|url= http://www.galliano.com|access-date= 13 March 2016}} Star anise enhances the flavor of meat.{{Cite episode | title = Spaghetti Bolognese | series = In Search of Perfection | series-link =Heston Blumenthal| network = BBC Two}}

It is used as a spice in preparation of biryani and masala chai in some parts of the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used in Chinese cuisine, and in Malay and Indonesian cuisines. It is widely grown for commercial use in China, India, and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional five-spice powder of Chinese cooking. It is also a major ingredient in the making of phở, a Vietnamese noodle soup.

It is also used in the French recipe of mulled wine, vin chaud (hot wine). If allowed to steep in coffee, it deepens and enriches the flavor. The pods can be used in this manner multiple times by the potful or cup, as the ease of extraction of the taste components increases with the permeation of hot water.

=Drug precursor=

Star anise is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu).{{cite journal | last1=Bilal | first1=Muhammad | last2=Wang | first2=Songwei | last3=Iqbal | first3=Hafiz M. N. | last4=Zhao | first4=Yuping | last5=Hu | first5=Hongbo | last6=Wang | first6=Wei | last7=Zhang | first7=Xuehong | title=Metabolic engineering strategies for enhanced shikimate biosynthesis: current scenario and future developments | journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology| volume=102 | issue=18 | date=16 July 2018 | issn=0175-7598 | pmid=30014168 | doi=10.1007/s00253-018-9222-z | pages=7759–7773| s2cid=49870582 }}{{cite web | title=Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects | website=Drugs.com | date=8 May 2018 | url=https://www.drugs.com/oseltamivir.html | access-date=31 January 2019}}{{Cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = G. W. | last2 = Hu | first2 = W. T. | last3 = Huang | first3 = B. K. | last4 = Qin | first4 = L. P. | title = Illicium verum: A review on its botany, traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.051 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 136 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–20 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21549817}} An industrial method for the production of shikimic acid using fermentation of E. coli bacteria was discovered in 2005,{{Cite journal| first1 = D. |last1=Bradley | title = Star role for bacteria in controlling flu pandemic?| journal = Nature Reviews Drug Discovery | volume = 4| issue = 12| pages = 945–946| date=Dec 2005 | issn = 1474-1776| pmid = 16370070| doi = 10.1038/nrd1917|s2cid=30035056 }}{{Cite journal| last4 = Kremer | first1 = M.| last2 = Bongaerts| last3 = Bovenberg | first2 = J. | first3 = R. | first4 = S.| last6 = Orf| last7 = Wubbolts| last1 = Krämer | first5 = U. | first6 = S. | first7 = M. | first8 = L.| title = Metabolic engineering for microbial production of shikimic acid| journal = Metabolic Engineering| volume = 5| last8 = Raeven| last5 = Müller| issue = 4| pages = 277–283| year = 2003| pmid = 14642355| doi = 10.1016/j.ymben.2003.09.001}} and applied in the 2009 swine flu pandemic to address Tamiflu shortages, eventually reversing price increases for star anise as a raw material of shikimic acid.{{cite web | author = Louisa Lim | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104191227 | title = Swine flu bumps up price of Chinese spice | publisher = US National Public Radio | date = 18 May 2009}} As of 2018, fermentation of E. coli was the manufacturing process of choice to produce shikimic acid for synthesis of Tamiflu.

Toxicity of related species

Illicium verum is not toxic. However, other related species are toxic.

Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum), a similar tree, is highly toxic and inedible; in Japan, it has instead been burned as incense. Cases of illness, including "serious neurological effects, such as seizures", reported after using star anise tea may be a result of deliberate economically motivated adulteration with this species. Japanese star anise contains the neurotoxin anisatin,{{cite web | title=Anisatin | publisher=PubChem, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/115121 |date=11 May 2019| access-date=17 May 2019}} which also causes severe inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis), urinary tract, and digestive organs when ingested.{{Cite journal

| last1 = Perret | first1 = C.

| last2 = Tabin | first2 = R.

| last3 = Marcoz | first3 = J.-P.

| last4 = Llor | first4 = J.

| last5 = Cheseaux | first5 = J.-J.

| title = Malaise du nourrisson pensez à une intoxication à l'anis étoilé

| trans-title = Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication

| doi = 10.1016/j.arcped.2011.03.024

| journal = Archives de Pédiatrie

| volume = 18

| issue = 7

| pages = 750–753

| year = 2011

| pmid = 21652187

}}

Swamp star anise Illicium parviflorum, a similar tree found in the southern United States, is highly toxic and should not be used for folk remedies or as a cooking ingredient.{{Cite web | url=http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-star-anise-care-and-growing-star-anise/ | title=How to grow star anise| date=2015-10-28}}

ISO Standardization

ISO 676:1995 – contains the information about the nomenclature of the variety and cultivars{{cite web

| last = International Organization for Standardization

| author-link = International Organization for Standardization

| title = ISO 676:1995 Spices and condiments – Botanical nomenclature

| url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=4844

| access-date = 8 June 2009 }}

=Identification=

Refer to the 4th edition of the European Pharmacopoeia (1153)

=Differentiation from other species=

Joshi et al. have used fluorescent microscopy and gas chromatography{{cite journal

| last1 = Joshi

| first1 = Vaishali C.

| last2 = Ragone

| first2 = S

| last3 = Bruck

| first3 = IS

| last4 = Bernstein

| first4 = JN

| last5 = Duchowny

| first5 = M

| last6 = Peña

| first6 = BM| title = Rapid and easy identification of Illicium verum Hook. f. and its adulterant Illicium anisatum Linn. by fluorescent microscopy and gas chromatography

| journal = Journal of AOAC International

| volume = 88

| issue = 3

| pages = 703–706

| year = 2005

| doi = 10.1093/jaoac/88.3.703

| url = http://aoac.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2005/00000088/00000003/art00005

| access-date = 10 November 2007

| pmid = 16001842 | doi-access = free

}} to distinguish the species, while Lederer et al. employed thin layer chromatography with HPLC-MS/MS.{{cite journal

| last1 = Lederer

| first1 = Ines