Image processor#Processor brand names

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The photodiodes employed in an image sensor are color-blind by nature: they can only record shades of grey. To get color into the picture, they are covered with different color filters: red, green and blue (RGB) according to the pattern designated by the Bayer filter. As each photodiode records the color information for exactly one pixel of the image, without an image processor there would be a green pixel next to each red and blue pixel.

This process, however, is quite complex, and involves a number of different operations. Its quality depends largely on the effectiveness of the algorithms applied to the raw data coming from the sensor. The mathematically manipulated data becomes the recorded photo file.

As stated above, the image processor evaluates the color and brightness data of a given pixel, compares them with the data from neighboring pixels, and then uses a demosaicing algorithm to produce an appropriate color and brightness value for the pixel.{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Lanlan |date=Mar 2006 |title=Hybrid color filter array demosaicking for effective artifact suppression |url=http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home5/CHAN0069/JEI013003.pdf |journal=Journal of Electronic Imaging |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=013003-1 - 013003-17|doi=10.1117/1.2183325 |bibcode=2006JEI....15a3003C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229063407/http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home5/CHAN0069/JEI013003.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 }} The image processor also assesses the whole picture to guess at the correct distribution of contrast. By adjusting the gamma value (heightening or lowering the contrast range of an image's mid-tones), subtle tonal gradations, such as in human skin or the blue of the sky, become much more realistic.

Noise is a phenomenon found in any electronic circuitry. In digital photography its effect is often visible as random spots of obviously wrong color in an otherwise smoothly-colored area. Noise increases with temperature and exposure times. When higher ISO settings are chosen the electronic signal in the image sensor is amplified, which at the same time increases the noise level, leading to a lower signal-to-noise ratio. The image processor attempts to separate the noise from the image information and to remove it. This can be quite a challenge, as the image may contain areas with fine textures which, if treated as noise, may lose some of their definition.

As the color and brightness values for each pixel are interpolated some image sharpening is applied to even out any fuzziness that has occurred. To preserve the impression of depth, clarity and fine details, the image processor must sharpen edges and contours. It therefore must detect edges correctly and reproduce them smoothly and without over-sharpening.

Image processor users are using industry standard products, application-specific standard products (ASSP) or even application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) with trade names: Canon's is called DIGIC, Nikon's Expeed, Olympus' TruePic, Panasonic's Venus Engine and Sony's Bionz. Some are known to be based on the Fujitsu Milbeaut, the Texas Instruments OMAP, Panasonic MN103, Zoran Coach, Altek Sunny or Sanyo image/video processors.

ARM architecture processors with its NEON SIMD Media Processing Engines (MPE) are often used in mobile phones.

• ATI - Imageon (graphics co-processor used in many early mobile photos to offer camera image signal processing{{cite web |title=Handheld Products |url=http://www.ati.com/products/handheld.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311005523/http://www.ati.com/products/handheld.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2006 |access-date=14 September 2019 |date=11 March 2006}})
• Canon - DIGIC (based on Texas Instruments OMAP)[http://www.chipworks.com/blog/recentteardowns/2012/07/06/inside-the-canon-rebel-t4i-dslr/ Inside the Canon Rebel T4i DSLR] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921024804/http://www.chipworks.com/blog/recentteardowns/2012/07/06/inside-the-canon-rebel-t4i-dslr/ |date=2012-09-21 }} Chipworks
• Casio - EXILIM engine
• Epson - EDiART
• Fujifilm - EXR III or X Processor Pro
• Google - Pixel Visual Core{{cite news|last1=Amadeo|first1=Ron|title=Surprise! The Pixel 2 is hiding a custom Google SoC for image processing|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/10/the-pixel-2-contains-a-custom-google-soc-the-pixel-visual-core/|access-date=19 October 2017|publisher=Ars Technica|date=17 October 2017}}
• HTC - ImageSense
• Intel - IPU{{Cite web |title=7.8. Intel Image Processing Unit 6 (IPU6) Input System driver — The Linux Kernel documentation |url=https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/media/ipu6-isys.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=docs.kernel.org}}
• MediaTek - Imagiq
• Minolta / Konica Minolta - SUPHEED with CxProcess
• Leica - MAESTRO (based on Fujitsu Milbeaut)[http://www.fujitsu.com/hk/news/pr/20080926.html Fujitsu Microelectronics-Leica's Image Processing System Solution For High-End DSLR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007190028/http://www.fujitsu.com/hk/news/pr/20080926.html |date=208-10-04 }}
• Nikon - Expeed (based on Fujitsu Milbeaut)[http://www.dslrbodies.com/newsviews/milbeaut-and-expeed.html Milbeaut and EXPEED] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521154952/http://www.dslrbodies.com/newsviews/milbeaut-and-expeed.html |date=2016-05-21 }} byThom
• Olympus - TruePic (based on Panasonic MN103/MN103S)
• OPPO - MariSilicon X
• Panasonic - Venus Engine (based on Panasonic MN103/MN103S)
• Pentax - PRIME (Pentax Real IMage Engine) (newer variants based on Fujitsu Milbeaut)
• Qualcomm - Qualcomm Spectra (based on Qualcomm Snapdragon)
• Ricoh - GR engine (GR digital), Smooth Imaging Engine
• Samsung - DRIMe (based on Samsung Exynos)
• Sanyo - Platinum engine
• Sigma - True
• Sharp - ProPix
• Socionext - [http://socionextus.com/products/image-processors-milbeaut/ Milbeaut] Family of ISPs - SC2000 (M-10V), SC2002 (M-11S)
• Sony - Bionz
• THine - THP series [https://www.thine.co.jp/en/products/camera_processor/Image-Signal-Processor/] with compatible SDK Kit for developing firmware [https://www.thinesolutions.com/camera-development-kit-cdk]
• UNISOC - Vivimagic

With the ever-higher pixel count in image sensors, the image processor's speed becomes more critical: photographers don't want to wait for the camera's image processor to complete its job before they can carry on shooting - they don't even want to notice some processing is going on inside the camera. Therefore, image processors must be optimised to cope with more data in the same or even a shorter period of time.

libcamera is a software library that supports using image signal processors for the capture of pictures.

• Color image pipeline
• Image processing
• Digital image processing
• Digital image editing
• Demosaicing

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Category:Digital signal processors

Category:Photography equipment