Index Thomisticus

Busa began the project in 1946.{{Cite journal|last=Busa|first=R.|date=1980|title=The Annals of Humanities Computing: The Index Thomisticus|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30207304|journal=Computers and the Humanities|volume=14|issue=2|pages=83–90|doi=10.1007/BF02403798|jstor=30207304|s2cid=38602853|issn=0010-4817|url-access=subscription}} In 1949, IBM agreed to sponsor the project until its completion.{{Sfn|Burton|1984|pp=109–110}} They assigned Paul Tasman, an executive at the company, to work with Busa.{{Cite news|date=1988-03-07|title=Paul Tasman, Executive, 74|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/07/obituaries/paul-tasman-executive-74.html|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0362-4331}} Busa selected 179 texts centering around Thomas Aquinas that would be put into a form that was machine-readable. 118 of the works were written by Aquinas, and the remaining 61 items were either at one point mis-attributed to him or an attempt to complete an unfinished work begun by Aquinas.{{Sfn|Burton|1984|pp=109–110}}

A significant part of the project was the data entry, which was meticulously carried out by a team of female keypunch operators. Their dedication and precision were instrumental in the success of the project.{{Cite book |last=Nyhan |first=Julianne |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003138235 |title=Hidden and Devalued Feminized Labour in the Digital Humanities: On the Index Thomisticus Project 1954-67 |date=2022-12-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-13823-5 |edition=1 |location=London |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003138235}} This work of punching the text was made between 1950 and 1966. They worked in Gallarate, Italy,{{Cite book|last1=Gouws|first1=Rufus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PfbBgAAQBAJ|title=Dictionaries. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography: Supplementary Volume: Recent Developments with Focus on Electronic and Computational Lexicography|last2=Heid|first2=Ulrich|last3=Schweickard|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Wiegand|first4=Herbert Ernst|date=2013-12-18|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-023813-6|pages=972|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last=Sprokel|first=Nico|title=The "Index Thomisticus"|date=1978|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23576117|journal=Gregorianum|volume=59|issue=4|pages=739–750|jstor=23576117|issn=0017-4114}} and the project peaked in size in 1962 with 70 workers.{{Sfn|Rockwell|Passarotti|2019|p=13}} After the punching was complete, the data was lemmatised in a semi-automatic process.

The completed project indexed a total of 10,631,980 words in fifty-six volumes over 70,000 pages{{Em dash}}divided into ten volumes of indexes, followed by thirty-one volumes of concordances of Aquinas's works, eight volumes of concordances of related authors, and seven volumes that reprinted the source texts.{{Sfn|Burton|1984|pp=109–110}}{{Cite journal|last=Guietti|first=Paolo|date=1993|title=Hermeneutic of Aquinas's Texts: Notes on the Index Thomisticus|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/637590|journal=The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review|language=en|volume=57|issue=4|pages=667–686|doi=10.1353/tho.1993.0006|s2cid=171327330|issn=2473-3725|url-access=subscription}} The seven completely reprinting the source texts were sold separately.{{Sfn|Burton|1984|pp=109–110}} The first volume was published in 1974,{{Cite journal|last=Hockey|first=Susan|date=2006-01-01|editor-last=Dawson|editor-first=Andy|editor2-last=Brown|editor2-first=David|title=The rendering of humanities information in a digital context: Current trends and future developments|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/00012530610648699|journal=ASLIB Proceedings|volume=58|issue=1/2|pages=89–101|doi=10.1108/00012530610648699|issn=0001-253X|url-access=subscription}} and publication was completed in 1980. The project used a total of {{Convert|1,500|km|mi|abbr=}} of tape {{Cite news|date=2020-12-19|title=How data analysis can enrich the liberal arts|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2020/12/19/how-data-analysis-can-enrich-the-liberal-arts|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0013-0613}} and it took an estimated 10,000 hours of computer work and 1 million hours of human work to complete. The Index was released on CD-ROM in 1992 and a website was launched in 2005.

A review published of the project in Computers and the Humanities described it as "as innovative and fascinating a reference work as the technology that made it possible."{{Sfn|Burton|1984|p=109}} In 1993, the project was described as the "second largest printed work of this century". The same review called it "excessive" and asked what its purpose was, going on to describe it as "the most pedantic work ever written". In 2020, The Economist described it as "the creation story of the digital humanities." An article in Umanistica Digitale wrote that "the project developed for the first time, methods for dealing with unstructured language".{{Sfn|Rockwell|Passarotti|2019|p=15}} It influenced projects such as Key Word in Context.{{Sfn|Rockwell|Passarotti|2019|p=15}} The project is also sometimes listed as one of the earliest instances of an e-book.{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Craig|last2=Pham|first2=Jeanie|date=March 2013|title=Practical overlap: The possibility of replacing print books with e-books|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048623.2013.773866|journal=Australian Academic & Research Libraries|language=en|volume=44|issue=1|pages=40–49|doi=10.1080/00048623.2013.773866|issn=0004-8623}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite journal|last=Burton|first=Dolores|date=1984|title=Review of Index Thomisticus: Sancti Thomae Aquinatis operum omnium indices et concordantiae; Sancti Thomae Aquinatis opera omnia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30200002|journal=Computers and the Humanities|volume=18|issue=2|pages=109–120|doi=10.1007/BF02274166|jstor=30200002|s2cid=29640298|issn=0010-4817|url-access=subscription}}
• {{Cite journal|last=IBM Data Processing Division|date=1973|title=Jesuit Father Uses Computer to Analyze Works of St. Thomas Aquinas|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/magazines/Modern_Data/Modern_Data_1973_07.pdf|journal=Modern Data|language=en|volume=6|issue=9|pages=39–40|issn=0026-7678}}
• {{Cite journal|last1=Rockwell|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Passarotti|first2=Marco|date=2019-05-27|title=The Index Thomisticus as a Big Data Project|url=https://umanisticadigitale.unibo.it/article/view/8575|journal=Umanistica Digitale|language=en|issue=5|doi=10.6092/issn.2532-8816/8575|issn=2532-8816}}

Category:Digital humanities projects

Category:Thomas Aquinas