Index card

{{For|the book|The Index Card{{!}}The Index Card}}

{{redirect|Card index|the rotating device used to store information|Rolodex|the note system used by writers|Card file}}

Image:LA2-katalogkort.jpg. This type of cataloging has mostly been supplanted by computerization.]]

An index card (or record card in British English and system cards in Australian English) consists of card stock (heavy paper) cut to a standard size, used for recording and storing small amounts of discrete data. A collection of such cards either serves as, or aids the creation of, an index for expedited lookup of information (such as a library catalog or a back-of-the-book index). This system is said to have been invented by Carl Linnaeus, around 1760.{{cite tech report |type=Working paper |number=36/08 |first1=Staffan |last1=Müller-Wille |first2=Sara |last2=Scharf |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/Economic-History/Assets/Documents/Research/FACTS/WorkingPapers/2009/3609MuellerWilleScharf.pdf |title=Indexing Nature: Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and his Fact-Gathering Strategies |institution=Department of Economic History, London School of Economics |date=January 2009 |page=4}} See also the summary of the research project: {{cite web |title=Rewriting the System of Nature: Linnaeus's Use of Writing Technologies |url=https://history.exeter.ac.uk/research/centres/medicalhistory/past/writing/ |publisher=Centre for Medical History, University of Exeter |access-date=19 September 2022}}{{cite journal|last1=Everts|first1=Sarah|title=Information Overload|journal=Distillations|date=2016|volume=2|issue=2|pages=26–33|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/information-overload|access-date=20 March 2018}}

Format

The most common size for index card in North America and the UK is {{convert|3|by|5|in|mm|1}}, hence the common name 3-by-5 card. Other sizes widely available include {{convert|4|by|6|in|mm|1}}, {{convert|5|by|8|in|mm|1}} and ISO-size A7 ({{convert|74|by|105|mm|in|1|abbr=on|disp=or}}).{{Cite web |title=Index card sizes compared |url=https://www.quill.com/content/index/resource-center/office-supplies/buying-guides/index-card-sizes/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Quill}}{{Cite web |title=Business card sizes |url=http://www.printernational.org/business-card-sizes.php |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Printernational |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607054615/http://www.printernational.org/business-card-sizes.php |url-status=dead }} Cards are available in blank, ruled and grid styles in a variety of colors. Special divider cards with protruding tabs and a variety of cases and trays to hold the cards are also sold by stationers and office product companies. They are part of standard stationery and office supplies all around the globe.

Uses

Index cards are used for a wide range of applications and environments: in the home to record and store recipes, shopping lists, contact information and other organizational data; in business to record presentation notes, project research and notes, and contact information; in schools as flash cards or other visual aids; and in academic research to hold data such as bibliographical citations or notes in a card file. Professional book indexers used index cards in the creation of book indexes until they were replaced by indexing software in the 1980s and 1990s.

An often suggested organization method for bibliographical citations and notes in a card file is to use the smaller 3-inch by 5-inch cards to record the title and citation information of works cited, while using larger cards for recording quotes or other data,{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Cecil B. |date=1963 |chapter=Notes and Note-taking |title=A Research Manual for College Studies and Papers |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |pages=[https://archive.org/details/researchmanualfo03will/page/95 95–105] ([https://archive.org/details/researchmanualfo03will/page/97 97]) |oclc=1264058764 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/researchmanualfo03will/page/95 |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=it is better to use different sizes of cards to avoid confusing the bibliographic and subject notes with each other.}}{{cite book |last1=Cantor |first1=Norman F. |author1-link=Norman Cantor |last2=Schneider |first2=Richard I. |date=1967 |chapter=Research Note-taking |title=How to Study History |location=New York |publisher=Crowell Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/howtostudyhistor0000unse_y5g0/page/196 196–203] ([https://archive.org/details/howtostudyhistor0000unse_y5g0/page/200 200]) |isbn=0690419937 |oclc=679321 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/howtostudyhistor0000unse_y5g0/page/196 |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=Keep bibliographical entries on 3 × 5 cards [...] Notes taken from sources should be written in ink or typed on either 5 × 8 cards or sheets of loose-leaf paper.}} but some people have also given the opposite advice to put everything on one size of card.{{cite book |last=Hockett |first=Homer Carey |date=1948 |orig-year=1931 |chapter=Forms for Notes on Bibliography |title=Introduction to Research in American History |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontore0000home_o8w7/page/10 10] |oclc=1374221 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontore0000home_o8w7/page/10 |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=Many workers do not use cards at all, but make their notes on bibliography and subject-matter on slips or sheets of paper of uniform size. [...] The use of two cabinets of different sizes, one for bibliography cards and one for subject-matter notes, is likely to prove inconvenient.}}{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Carter |last2=Burke |first2=Arvid James |date=1958 |orig-year=1935 |chapter=Note-taking in Work with Library Materials |title=How to Locate Educational Information and Data: An Aid to Quick Utilization of the Literature of Education |edition=4th |location=New York |publisher=Teachers College, Columbia University |pages=[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3389054?urlappend=%3Bseq=190 168–180] (169) |hdl=2027/uc1.b3389054?urlappend=%3Bseq=190 |oclc=14603864 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001163857 |chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3389054?urlappend=%3Bseq=190 |quote=In extensive library studies, however, it usually saves much time and energy to organize the bibliography cards in one system and all other notes in another system, even though both systems use the same headings and cards of the same size.}}{{cite book |last1=Barzun |first1=Jacques |author1-link=Jacques Barzun |last2=Graff |first2=Henry F. |author2-link=Henry F. Graff |date=2004 |orig-year=1957 |chapter=The ABC of Technique |title=The Modern Researcher |edition=6th |location=Belmont, CA |publisher=Thomson/Wadsworth |pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernresearcher0000barz_b3i6/page/15 15–36] ([https://archive.org/details/modernresearcher0000barz_b3i6/page/23 23]) |isbn=0155055291 |oclc=53244810 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/modernresearcher0000barz_b3i6/page/15 |chapter-url-access=registration |quote=For all these purposes, experience shows that you must take notes in a uniform manner, on paper or cards of uniform size.}}

Index cards are used for many events and are helpful for planning.For example: {{cite book |last1=Justice |first1=Thomas |last2=Jamieson |first2=David |date=1999 |title=The Facilitator's Fieldbook: Step-by-Step Procedures, Checklists and Guidelines, Samples and Templates |location=New York |publisher=AMACOM |isbn=0814470386 |oclc=40573268 |url=https://archive.org/details/facilitatorsfiel00just |url-access=registration }} In this book, index cards appear in instructions for various procedures for facilitating events, including chapters on [https://archive.org/details/facilitatorsfiel00just/page/154 "Storyboarding Basics"], [https://archive.org/details/facilitatorsfiel00just/page/177 "Brainstorming Variations"], [https://archive.org/details/facilitatorsfiel00just/page/201 "Moderating Focus Groups"], [https://archive.org/details/facilitatorsfiel00just/page/226 "Voting"], and [https://archive.org/details/facilitatorsfiel00just/page/376 "Gantt Chart Planning"].

History

File:Houghton GC6.P6904.689d - Placcius, 154.jpg

The first early modern card cabinet was designed by 17th-century English inventor Thomas Harrison ({{circa}} 1640s). Harrison's manuscript on the "ark of studies"{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Harrison |title=The Ark of Studies |editor-first=Alberto |editor-last=Cevolini |series=De diversis artibus |volume=102 |location=Turnhout, Belgium |publisher=Brepols |date=2017 |isbn=9782503575230 |oclc=1004589834}} (Arca studiorum) describes a small cabinet that allows users to excerpt books and file their notes in a specific order by attaching pieces of paper to metal hooks labeled by subject headings.{{cite web |last1=Blei |first1=Daniela |title=How the Index Card Cataloged the World |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/12/how-the-index-card-catalogued-the-world/547271/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508022255/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/12/how-the-index-card-catalogued-the-world/547271/ |archive-date=2021-05-08|website=The Atlantic |access-date=4 July 2021 |date=2017-12-01}} Harrison's system was edited and improved by Vincent Placcius in his well-known handbook on excerpting methods (De arte excerpendi, 1689).{{cite book |last=Placcius |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Placcius |date=1689 |title=De arte excerpendi vom gelehrten Buchhalten liber singularis, quo genera & praecepta excerpendi, ab aliis hucusq[ue]; tradita omnia, novis accessionibus aucta, ordinata methodo exhibentur, et suis quaeque materiis applicantur ... |language=Latin |location=Stockholm; Hamburg |publisher=Apud Gottfried Liebezeit, bibliop. literisq[ue] Spiringianis |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IgMVAAAAQAAJ/page/n156 138] |oclc=22260654 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IgMVAAAAQAAJ}} The German polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) was known to have relied on Harrison's invention in at least one of his research projects.{{cite journal |last=Malcolm |first=Noel |date=September 2004 |title=Thomas Harrison and his 'ark of studies': an episode in the history of the organization of knowledge |journal=The Seventeenth Century |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=196–232 (220–221) |doi=10.1080/0268117X.2004.10555543|s2cid=171203209 }}

Carl Linnaeus, an 18th-century naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature,{{cite journal |last1=Calisher |first1=CH |date=2007 |title=Taxonomy: what's in a name? Doesn't a rose by any other name smell as sweet? |journal=Croatian Medical Journal |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=268–270 |pmc=2080517 |pmid=17436393}} is said to have "invented the index card" {{circa|1760}} in order to help deal with the information overload facing early scientists that occurred from overseas discoveries,{{cite journal |last1=Müller-Wille |first1=Staffan |last2=Charmantier |first2=Isabelle |date=March 2012 |title=Natural history and information overload: the case of Linnaeus |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=4–15 |pmid=22326068 |pmc=3878424 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.10.021 }} though there is room for dispute about whether he alone was the index card's inventor.{{cite journal |last1=Charmantier |first1=Isabelle |last2=Müller-Wille |first2=Staffan |date=April 2014 |title=Carl Linnaeus's botanical paper slips (1767–1773) |journal=Intellectual History Review |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=215–238 |pmid=27134642 |pmc=4837604 |doi=10.1080/17496977.2014.914643}} Linnaeus had to deal with a conflict between needing to bring information into a fixed order for purposes of later retrieval, and needing to integrate new information into that order permanently. His solution was to keep information on particular subjects on separate sheets, which could be complemented and reshuffled. In the mid 1760s Linnaeus refined this into what are now called index cards. Index cards could be selected and moved around at will to update and compare information at any time.{{Cite web|title=Carl Linnaeus Invented The Index Card|date=16 June 2009|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616080137.htm|access-date=2020-07-31|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}

In the late 1890s, edge-notched cards were invented, which allowed for easy sorting of data by means of a needle-like tool. These edge-notched cards were phased out in the 1980s in favor of computer databases, and they are no longer sold.

File:Old kardex file cabinet.jpg

James Rand, Sr.'s Rand Ledger Company (founded 1898) with its Visible Ledger system, and his son James Rand, Jr.'s American Kardex dominated sales of index card filing systems worldwide through much of the 20th century. "Kardex" became a common noun, especially in the medical records field where "filing a kardex" came to mean filling out a patient record on an index card.{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O62-Kardex.html |title=Kardex |date=2008 |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Nursing |via=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=September 11, 2014}}

Library card catalogs as currently known arose in the 19th century, and Melvil Dewey standardized the index cards used in library card catalogs in the 1870s.{{rp|91}} Until the digitization of library catalogs, which began in the 1980s, the primary tool used to locate books was the card catalog, in which every book was described on three cards, filed alphabetically under its title, author, and subject (if non-fiction). Similar catalogs were used by law firms and other entities to organize large quantities of stored documents. However, the adoption of standard cataloging protocols throughout nations with international agreements, along with the rise of the Internet and the conversion of cataloging systems to digital storage and retrieval, has made obsolescent the widespread use of index cards for cataloging.

Many authors have used index cards for the writing of books.{{cite book |last=Krajewski |first=Markus |date=2011 |orig-year=2002 |title=Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548–1929 |series=History and Foundations of Information Science |volume=3 |translator=Peter Krapp |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=9780262015899 |oclc=698360129 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262015899.001.0001 |jstor=j.ctt5hhmbf |language=en}} Vladimir Nabokov wrote his works on index cards, a practice mentioned in his work Pale Fire.{{cite journal|last=Gold|first=Herbert|title=Vladimir Nabokov, The Art of Fiction No. 40|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4310/the-art-of-fiction-no-40-vladimir-nabokov|journal=The Paris Review|year=1967|volume=Summer-Fall 1967|issue=41|access-date=7 April 2013}}

References

External links

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