Indian auxiliaries

{{Short description|Indigenous peoples of the Americas who aligned with the Spanish conquest}}

File:Jal-ixco.jpg auxiliaries (upper left) fighting alongside Cristóbal de Olid in his conquest of Jalisco, as depicted in the 16th century Lienzo de Tlaxcala]]

Indian auxiliaries, also known in the sources as Indios amigos ({{literal translation|friendly Indians}}), were those indigenous peoples of the Americas who allied with Spain and fought alongside the conquistadors during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. These auxiliaries acted as guides, translators, soldiers, explorers and porters, often outnumbering peninsular Spaniards by enormous degrees in their military formations. During the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, indigenous assistants were referred to by the indigenous word of yanakuna.

Indian auxiliaries continued to be used by the Spanish to maintain control over their colonies in the Americas; frequently stationed on the frontier, they were often used to suppress anti-colonial revolts such as Arauco War. Their important role in achieving the conquests of Spain gave birth to a modern Spanish-speaking idiom, la conquista la hicieron los indios ("the Indians did the conquest").Maganda 1963, p. 68

History

The formations of auxiliary Indians arose commonly from alliances established by the Spaniards, exploiting ethnic and tribal antagonisms that they found during their occupation of the territory they were attempting to conquer. Vasco Núñez de Balboa and Hernán Cortés were among the first captains to strengthen their columns with these natives. Commonly after the conquest these auxiliary Indians were divided among the settlers of the territories already conquered. They often constituted the most numerous group of the conquerors' followers:

=Mexico=

{{see also|Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Fall of Tenochtitlan}}

During Hernán Cortés' campaign against the Aztecs from 1519 to 1521, he supplemented his meagre force of Spanish soldiers (numbering some 1,300) with hundreds of thousands of native auxiliaries, from various states such as Tlaxcala, Texcoco and Cholula. They were commanded by Chichimecatecuhtli and Ixtlilxochitl II from their respective factions.

During the final siege of the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan, Cortés, according to the account of one of his soldiers, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, had some 200,000 Tlaxcallan and other native auxiliaries, while the Aztec warriors drawn from the numerous cities surrounding Lake Xochimilco in the Valley of Mexico numbered more than 300,000.

=Guatemala=

{{See also|Spanish conquest of Guatemala|Spanish conquest of Petén}}

The expedition of Pedro de Alvarado to Guatemala was composed of 480 Spaniards and thousands of auxiliary Indians from Tlaxcala, Cholula and other cities in central Mexico.Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 763. Lovell 2005, p. 58. Matthew 2012, pp. 78–79. In Guatemala the Spanish routinely fielded indigenous allies; at first these were Nahua brought from the recently conquered Mexico, later they also included Maya. It is estimated that for every Spaniard on the field of battle, there were at least 10 native auxiliaries. Sometimes there were as many as 30 indigenous warriors for every Spaniard, and it was the participation of these Mesoamerican allies that was particularly decisive.Restall and Asselbergs 2007, p. 16. Some newly conquered Maya groups remained loyal to the Spanish once they had submitted to the conquest, such as the Tz'utujil and the K'iche' of Quetzaltenango, and provided them with warriors to assist further conquest.Carmack 2001, pp. 39–40.

In 1524, fresh from his victory over the Tz'utujil, Pedro de Alvarado led his army against the non-Maya Xinca of the Guatemalan Pacific lowlands.Letona Zuleta et al., p. 5. At this point Alvarado's force consisted of 250 Spanish infantry accompanied by 6,000 indigenous allies, mostly Kaqchikel and Cholutec.Letona Zuleta et al., p. 6.

The Mam fortress of Zaculeu was attacked by Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras, brother of Pedro de Alvarado,Gall 1967, p. 39. in 1525, with 40 Spanish cavalry and 80 Spanish infantry,Lovell 2005, p. 61. and some 2,000 Mexican and K'iche' allies.Carmack 2001, p. 39. When the Spanish besieged the Ixil city of Nebaj in 1530, their indigenous allies managed to scale the walls, penetrate the stronghold and set it on fire. Many defending Ixil warriors withdrew to fight the fire, which allowed the Spanish to storm the entrance and break the defences.Lovell 2005, p. 65.

=Peru and Chile=

{{see also|Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Conquest of Chile}}

During the siege of Cuzco, Francisco Pizarro had 200 Spaniards and 30,000 native Chankas, Huancas, Cañaris and Chachapoyas. The native contingents were commanded by chieftains Chilche and Vilchumlay, among others.
The column of Diego de Almagro, who went into Chile, had 500 Spaniards, 100 African slaves and about 10,000 auxiliary Indians.
In the case of the conquest of Chile by Pedro de Valdivia, the original group who left Cuzco included 11 Spaniards and 1,000 auxiliary Indians.

=Philippines=

The Tlaxcaltecs accompanied Miguel López de Legazpi to the conquest of the Philippine Islands (part of the crew was Tlaxcaltec), where they settled and mixed with the Tagalog indigenous society.{{Cite book|title=Naves negras: La aventura del lago Español|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJJBEAAAQBAJ&dq=l%C3%B3pez+de+legazpi+tlaxcaltecas&pg=PT92|author=EDAF|date=2021|isbn=978-84-414-4115-6|language=es}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.jrzetina.com/439638458|title=Tato's Bear Cave ~ México en la conquista de Filipinas con guerreros tlaxcaltecas|website=Tato's Bear Cave|language=es-ES}}{{Cite book|title=De América a Europa: Cuando los indígenas descubrieron el Viejo Mundo (1493–1892)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aClTDwAAQBAJ&dq=l%C3%B3pez+de+legazpi+tlaxcaltecas&pg=PT94|author=Fondo de Cultura Economica|date=2018| publisher=Fondo de Cultura Economica |isbn=978-607-16-5340-6|language=es}}

=Colonial period after the conquest=

After the initial conquest, most of these allies were considered less necessary and, sometimes, a liability. At times they were needed for defense of the extended Spanish Empire. They were incorporated into the military forces of the Empire, forming their own units, organised along European models under their own names, such as Compañías de Indios Nobles ("Companies of Noble Indians"). The necessity of defence came from either European threats like the Caribbean buccaneers and pirates or American threats such as the Chichimeca, Apache or Comanche tribes or the protracted Arauco War. These units fought in the independence wars.Martínez Laínez and Carlos Canales 2009.{{page needed|date=June 2016}}

Notes

References

{{cite book |author=Carmack, Robert M. |author-link=Robert Carmack |year=2001 |title=Kik'aslemaal le K'iche'aab': Historia Social de los K'iche's |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |publisher=Cholsamaj |isbn=99922-56-19-2 |oclc=47220876|language=es}}
{{cite book|last=Comellas García-Lera|first=José Luis|title=Páginas de la historia|url=|date=2009|publisher=Rialp|isbn=9788432137969}}
{{cite journal |author=Gall, Francis |title=Los Gonzalo de Alvarado, Conquistadores de Guatemala |journal=Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia |volume=XL | date=July–December 1967 |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |publisher=Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala |oclc=72773975|language=es}}
{{cite book |chapter=Las tierras comunales xincas de Guatemala |title=Tierra, identidad y conflicto en Guatemala |author=Letona Zuleta, José Vinicio |author2=Carlos Camacho Nassar |author3=Juan Antonio Fernández Gamarro |editor=Carlos Camacho Nassar |publisher=Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO); Misión de Verificación de las Naciones Unidas en Guatemala (MINUGUA); Dependencia Presidencial de Asistencia Legal y Resolución de Conflictos sobre la Tierra (CONTIERRA) |location=Guatemala |oclc=54679387 |isbn=978-99922-66-84-7|language=es|year= 2003 }}
{{cite book |author=Lovell, W. George |year=2005 |title=Conquest and Survival in Colonial Guatemala: A Historical Geography of the Cuchumatán Highlands, 1500–1821 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal, Canada |edition=3rd |isbn=0-7735-2741-9 |oclc=58051691 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05wSqQiu52MC}}
{{cite book|last=Gómez Maganda|first=Alejandro|authorlink=Alejandro Gómez Maganda|title=¡Como dice el dicho! Refranes y dichos mexicanos, tomo 2|date=1963|publisher=ECO}}
{{cite book |author1=Martínez Laínez, Fernando |author2=Carlos Canales |year=2009 |title=Banderas Lejanas: La exploración, conquista, y defensa por España del territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos |language=es |location=Madrid |isbn=9788441421196 |oclc=428447626 |trans-title=Distant Flags: The exploration, conquest, and defence of the modern territory of the United States by Spain}}
{{cite book |author=Matthew, Laura E. |year=2012 |title=Memories of Conquest: Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=978-0-8078-3537-1 |oclc=752286995 |series=First Peoples}}
{{cite book|last=Ollé|first=Manel|title=La empresa de china: de la Armada Invencible al Galeón de Manila|url=|date=2002|publisher=Acantilado|isbn=9788495359858}}
{{cite book |author=Restall, Matthew |author-link=Matthew Restall |author2=Florine Asselbergs |year=2007 |title=Invading Guatemala: Spanish, Nahua, and Maya Accounts of the Conquest Wars |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park |isbn=978-0-271-02758-6 |oclc=165478850}}
{{cite book |title=Los indios amigos en la frontera araucana |year=1993 |author=Ruiz-Esquide Figueroa, Andrea |isbn=956-244-013-3 |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0008870.pdf |publisher=Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos: Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana |location=Santiago |series=Colección Sociedad y cultura |volume=4 |oclc=30918538|language=es}}
{{cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |author-link=Robert Sharer |author2=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |edition=6th |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar }}
{{cite book|author-link=Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|title=World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire|url=|date=2015|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780812998122}}