Infield shift

{{short description|Defensive realignment of players in baseball}}

The infield shift in baseball is a defensive realignment from the standard positions, to place more fielders on one side of the field or another. Used primarily against left-handed batters, it is designed to protect against base hits pulled hard into the gaps between the fielders on one side. Originally called the Williams shift, it has periodically been referred to as the Boudreau shift or Ortiz shift since then. After shifts became very effective in reducing base hits by Major League Baseball (MLB) batters, MLB and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) agreed to begin restricting shifts starting in the {{mlby|2023}} season.

History in Major League Baseball

The infield shift strategy is often associated with Ted Williams, yet was first employed against Cy Williams during the 1920s.{{Cite web |last=Hornsby |first=Rogers |author-link=Rogers Hornsby |date=April 29, 1930 |title=Hitter's style sets infield, Hornsby's tip |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/354941126/?match=1&clipping_id=170286585 |access-date=2025-04-14 |publisher=Chicago Tribune |page=16 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matt |date=2021-06-22 |title=Evolution Of The Shift: The Real Issue In MLB |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/article-numbers-evolution-shift-real-issue-mlb |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=NBC Sports}}{{Cite web |last=Gagnon |first=Cappy |title=Cy Williams |url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/cy-williams/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Society for American Baseball Research}} Cy Williams, a left-handed outfielder with the Chicago Cubs and Philadelphia Phillies, was second only to Babe Ruth in major league career home runs from 1923 to 1928. Opposing defenses would shift "practically to the entire right side" when he batted.{{citation |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33316635/untitled/ |title=(untitled) |newspaper=The Constitution |location=Atlanta |page=18 |date=June 19, 1927 |access-date=June 27, 2019 |via=newspapers.com}}

The shift was used by Cleveland Indians manager Lou Boudreau between games of a doubleheader in July 1946 to halt Ted Williams' hot hitting.{{efn|Boudreau writes that Williams had three home runs in the first game of the doubleheader,{{rp|76}} which corresponds to July 14, 1946, as Williams was 4-for-5 with three home runs in the first game of a doubleheader between Boston and Cleveland that day. Boudreau does not mention that even with the shift, Williams was 1-for-2 with two walks in the second game of the doubleheader.{{cite web |url=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1946/Iwillt1030051946.htm |title=The 1946 BOS A Regular Season Batting Log for Ted Williams |website=Retrosheet |access-date=June 27, 2019}} Contemporary reporting also notes that Boudreau actually employed shifts against Williams in both games of the doubleheader, with the shift in the second game being more radical.{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33315785/boudreau_tried_everything_but_nothing/ |title=Boudreau Tried Everything, but Nothing Seemed to Work |first=Roger |last=Birtwell |newspaper=The Boston Globe |page=6 |date=July 15, 1946 |access-date=June 27, 2019 |via=newspapers.com}}}} The shift was later used against Williams during the 1946 World Series, as a defensive gimmick by St. Louis Cardinals manager Eddie Dyer to psych out and hopefully contain the Boston slugger. In his book Player-Manager, Boudreau later wrote, "I have always regarded the Boudreau Shift as a psychological, rather than a tactical, victory."{{cite book |title=Player-Manager |first=Lou |last=Boudreau |author-link=Lou Boudreau |others=with Ed Fitzgerald |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=Boston |date=1949 |isbn=1125962402}}{{rp|77}}

The shift has subsequently been employed to thwart extreme pull hitters (mostly those batting left-handed), such as Barry Bonds, Fred McGriff, Ryan Howard, Jason Giambi, David Ortiz, Jim Thome, Adam Dunn, Mark Teixeira, Matt Carpenter, Joey Gallo, and Anthony Rizzo.{{cite web |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/ryan-howards-career-is-dead-the-shift-killed-it/ |title=Ryan Howard's Career Is Dead. The Shift Killed It. |website=FiveThirtyEight |first=Rob |last=Arthur |date=June 6, 2017}}{{cite web |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/ahead-of-their-time-why-baseball-revived-a-60-year-old-strategy-designed-to-stop-ted-williams/ |title=Why Baseball Revived A 60-Year-Old Strategy Designed To Stop Ted Williams |first=Neil |last=Paine |website=FiveThirtyEight |date=October 13, 2016}}

Implementing the shift

File:Cy Williams defensive shift.jpg of the Philadelphia Phillies]]

In a typical shift against a left-handed hitter, the third baseman moves to their left where the shortstop plays; the shortstop plays to the right of second base; the second baseman plays between first and second base, and usually out on the grass in shallow right field; the center fielder plays in right-center; and the first baseman and right fielder hug the foul line. Sometimes, the third baseman, rather than the shortstop, will play to the right of second base, allowing the shortstop (who is usually the team's best infielder) to remain near their usual position.

= Ortiz Shift =

An extreme example of the infield shift is that used against left-handed designated hitter David Ortiz. The shortstop and second baseman move to the outfield between first base and second base while the left fielder and center fielder are moved towards the right side of the field with the third baseman going to the left side of the outfield.{{cite web |first=Albert |last=Chen |url=https://www.si.com/vault/2006/06/19/8380105/the-ortiz-shift |title=The Ortiz Shift |newspaper=Sports Illustrated |date=2006-06-19 |access-date=2018-05-16}}

Joe Maddon, as manager of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, had an upcoming series against the Boston Red Sox in 2006 and was considering a strategy on how to defend against Ortiz. Maddon was cycling on an exercise bike as he looked at Ortiz's sabermetrics and noticed that Ortiz mostly hit to right field and the majority of those hits landed in the outfield. Maddon created the Ortiz Shift to counter it. The shift was first used in the Devil Rays' 7–4 loss to the Red Sox on April 18, 2006 at Fenway Park.{{cite web|url=http://archive.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2006/04/19/game_shifted_into_the_bizarre/ |title=Boston Red Sox – Game shifted into the bizarre |newspaper=Boston Globe |date=2006-04-19 |access-date=2018-05-16}} Though Ortiz was 2-for-5 in that game,{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/box-scores/boxscore.php?boxid=200604180BOS |title=Box Score of Game played on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 at Fenway Park |website=Baseball Almanac |date=2006-04-18 |access-date=2018-05-16}} the tactic was successful and a number of other clubs employed it against Ortiz, with his batting average dropping from .300 over 2004–2006 to .265 midway through the 2006 season.

Baseball historian Bill James—who worked for the Red Sox at the time—criticized the Ortiz shift as only working for ground balls and not for home runs, which he described as Ortiz's true danger.{{cite web|url=https://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1720044,00.html |title=Q & A: Baseball Guru Bill James |newspaper=Time |date=2008-03-06 |access-date=2018-05-16}} Though the shift was mostly used against Ortiz, it has been used elsewhere in baseball.{{cite web|last=Richard |first=Mike |url=http://www.barnstablepatriot.com/news/20180508/sporting-goods-pursuit-of-pitching-perfection |title=The Sporting Goods: Pursuit of pitching perfection |newspaper=Barnstable Patriot |access-date=2018-05-16}}

Defensive vulnerability

File:Angels shift the infield.jpg during spring training in 2015]]

As the infield shift leaves some areas less covered than others, a batter who hits toward those areas may obtain better results than against an un-shifted infield. For example, a batter can bunt towards third base, when the third baseman is positioned elsewhere.{{cite web |url=http://archive.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2005/09/29/yanked_out_of_first/ |title=Yanked out of first |first=Nick |last=Cafardo |newspaper=The Boston Globe |via=Boston.com |date=2005-09-29 |access-date=2018-05-16}} Boston's Ortiz started to hit more balls towards the left side of the field, taking advantage of the lack of defenders in left field.{{cite web | url=http://www.masslive.com/redsox/index.ssf/2015/01/boston_red_sox_dh_david_ortiz_4.html |title=Boston Red Sox DH David Ortiz could benefit from elimination of defensive shifts |first=Jason |last=Mastrodonato |website=MassLive |date=2015-01-26 |access-date=2018-05-16}} A stark example occurred in a May 1970 game between the Philadelphia Phillies and the San Francisco Giants: Giant Willie McCovey bunted hard down the third base line when the shift was on. With no one covering third, Willie Mays, on first at the time, came all the way around to score, while McCovey reached second for a double.{{cite book |last=Neyer |first=Rob |title=Rob Neyer's Big Book of Baseball Legends: The Truth, the Lies, and Everything Else |publisher=Touchstone |date=2008 |isbn=978-0743284905 |page=[https://archive.org/details/robneyersbigbook0000neye_n7c4/page/140 140] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/robneyersbigbook0000neye_n7c4/page/140 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1970/B05032SFN1970.htm |title=Philadelphia Phillies 13, San Francisco Giants 6 (2) |website=Retrosheet |date=May 3, 1970 |quote=On a bunt McCovey doubled to left [Mays scored]}} In a September 1946 game in Cleveland, Ted Williams came to bat with one out and a runner at first base, and Lou Boudreau had his defenders shift to the right side, leaving only left fielder Pat Seerey to the left of second base, positioned near the infield.{{cite web |url=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1946/B09130CLE1946.htm |title=Boston Red Sox 1, Cleveland Indians 0 |website=Retrosheet |date=September 13, 1946 |accessdate=May 17, 2025 |quote=LF Pat Seerey was the only Indians fielder to the left of 2B with the radical Williams' shift that Indian manager Lou Boudreau employed, and Seerey was in very shallow left field; Williams hit an inside the park homer to left; over Pat Seerey's head}} Williams hit a long fly ball to left-center, "a routine out against an orthodox defense", but against the radical shift was uncaught and rolled to the wall, allowing him to record an inside-the-park home run, the only one of his career.{{cite web |url=https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/september-13-1946-ted-williamss-inside-the-park-home-run-clinches-al-pennant-for-red-sox/ |title=September 13, 1946: Ted Williams’s inside-the-park home run clinches AL pennant for Red Sox |first=Bill |last=Nowlin |website=Society for American Baseball Research |accessdate=May 17, 2025}}

Infield shifts can also provide base running opportunities to the batting team. A notable example occurred in Game 4 of the 2009 World Series: with switch hitter Mark Teixeira of the New York Yankees batting left-handed, and the Philadelphia Phillies implementing an infield shift, baserunner Johnny Damon stole second base and then continued on to third base in one continuous play, as there was no fielder on the left side of the infield.{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePx54DlQdh0&t=0m43s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ePx54DlQdh0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=2009 WS Gm 4: Damon singles, then steals two bases |publisher=MLB |access-date=June 27, 2019 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} Damon subsequently scored what proved to be the winning run of the game.{{cite web |url=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2009/B11010PHI2009.htm |title=New York Yankees 7, Philadelphia Phillies 4 |website=Retrosheet |date=November 1, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2019 |quote=Johnny Damon stole 2B and no one covered 3B because of big shift in the infield, so Damon continued to 3B for a second steal on the same play}}

Criticism

Shifts are criticized for increasing the percentage of hard-hit balls that result in outs, thus reducing batting averages and baserunners, resulting in a "less entertaining" fan experience. A 2022 analysis by Tom Verducci found that, for Major League Baseball, "Over the past seven years, shifts more than tripled and they reduced batting average on hard-hit grounders by 80 points!" Verducci further opined:{{cite web |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/2022/11/21/banning-infield-shifts-impact |title=How Banning Infield Shifts Will Change MLB |first=Tom |last=Verducci |authorlink=Tom Verducci |website=Sports Illustrated |date=November 21, 2022 |accessdate=September 26, 2024}}

Since 2019, shifts changed how the game looked and how it was played. They made the game aesthetically awkward and less entertaining, which is why a rule change was needed: to rebalance the entertainment value of baseball against its brutish efficiency. In the blend of art and science, baseball should always be more about an athletic competition than an intellectual contest among hackers.

It was also noted that the advanced statistic batting average on balls in play (BABIP—how often batted balls result in hits, excluding home runs) had declined in MLB from .300 in 2016 to .290 in 2022.{{cite web |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/mlb/news/mlb-infield-shift-rules-violation-2023/j5euqqru11cghxrgtayvzpdl |title=MLB infield shift rules, explained: How new restrictions, minimums & violations will impact 2023 games |first=Kevin |last=Skiver |website=Sporting News |date=March 30, 2023 |accessdate=September 26, 2024}} Restricting the shift was expected (by MLB) to allow for more base hits and baserunners, thus providing a "more attractive product" to fans.

Regulation

As early as 2015, the Commissioner of Baseball considered banning the shift, with some MLB managers expressing agreement, although there was no consensus on such an idea.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/2018/07/25/defensive-shifts-official-baseball-rules |title=Proposing a Shift Ban Is Easy, but How Would MLB Implement One? |magazine=Sports Illustrated |first=Emma |last=Baccellieri |date=July 25, 2018 |access-date=March 11, 2019}} In 2019, the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, as part of an agreement with MLB to test experimental rules, significantly restricted the shift by requiring two infielders to be positioned on either side of second base.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/2019/03/08/atlantic-league-rule-changes-pitchers-mound-distance-infield-shift |title=MLB's Experimental Rule Changes for 2019 Atlantic League Include Moving Mound Back, Banning Shifts |first=Tristan |last=Jung |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=March 8, 2019 |access-date=March 11, 2019}}

As part of a new collective bargaining agreement (CBA) reached after the 2021–22 lockout, MLB could potentially regulate infield shifts starting with the 2023 season, with the league's 11-member competition committee empowered to approve such a change, along with other potential changes such as a pitch clock.{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2022/07/19/pitch-clock-shift-bans-among-mlb-rule-changes-on-table-for-2023/ |title=Pitch clock, shift bans among MLB rule changes on table for 2023 |first=Greg |last=Joyce |website=New York Post |date=July 19, 2022 |accessdate=July 19, 2022}} In Minor League Baseball during 2022, shift restrictions were tested at the Double-A and Class A levels (four players required to be in the infield, two on each side of second base) with a further experiment in the Florida State League starting in July (a wedge-shaped exclusion area around second base).{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/34234057/mlb-testing-pie-slice-infield-experiment-aimed-reining-defensive-shift-class-fsl |title=MLB testing 'pie slice' infield experiment aimed at reining in defensive shift in Class A FSL |agency=AP |website=ESPN.com |date=July 12, 2022 |accessdate=July 13, 2022}}

In {{mlby|2023}}, a new rule was added in Major League Baseball requiring two infielders to be positioned on either side of second base before each pitch is thrown, in an attempt to curtail the shift.{{cite news|newspaper =The New York Times |title=M.L.B. Bans the Shift and Adds a Pitch Clock for 2023 |first=Scott |last=Miller |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/sports/baseball/mlb-bans-shift.html |url-access=limited |date=September 22, 2022 |accessdate=March 22, 2023}} MLB explained the change by noting "these restrictions will return the game to a more traditional aesthetic by governing defensive shifts, with the goals of encouraging more balls in play, giving players more opportunities to showcase their athleticism, and offsetting the growing trend of alignments that feature four outfielders.”{{cite web |url=https://sabr.org/journal/article/plummeting-batting-averages-are-due-to-far-more-than-infield-shifting-part-one-fielding-and-batting-strategy/ |title=Plummeting Batting Averages Are Due to Far More Than Infield Shifting, Part One: Fielding and Batting Strategy |first=Charlie |last=Pavitt |date=2024 |website=Society for American Baseball Research |accessdate=September 26, 2024}}

Infield shift

History in Major League Baseball

Implementing the shift

= Ortiz Shift =

Defensive vulnerability

Criticism

Regulation

See also

Notes

References

Further reading