Inklings

{{Short description|Informal literary discussion group associated with the University of Oxford, England}}

{{About|a literary group|the video game characters|Inkling (Splatoon)}}

File:Oxford_magdalen_college_new_building.jpg. The Inklings met in C. S. Lewis's rooms, above the arcade on the right side of the central block.]]

The Inklings were an informal literary discussion group associated with J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis at the University of Oxford for nearly two decades between the early 1930s and late 1949.{{sfn|Kilby|Mead|1982|p=230}} The Inklings were literary enthusiasts who praised the value of narrative in fiction and encouraged the writing of fantasy. The best-known, apart from Tolkien and Lewis, were Charles Williams, and (although a Londoner) Owen Barfield.

Members

File:Birdandbaby.jpg pub (commonly known as the Bird and Baby or simply just the Bird) in Oxford where the Inklings met informally on Tuesday mornings during term.]]

The more regular members of the Inklings, many of them academics at the University, included:

Owen Barfield{{cite journal |last=Glyer |first=Diana Pavlac |title=Surprised by friendship |url=https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/inklings-surprised-by-friendship |date=2019 |journal=Christian History |issue=132 |access-date=9 November 2024}}
Lord David Cecil
Hugo Dyson{{sfn|Carpenter|2023|loc=Letter #71 to Christopher Tolkien, 25 May 1944}}
Adam Fox{{sfn|Carpenter|2023|loc=Letter #28 to Stanley Unwin, 4 June 1938}}
Robert Havard (Lewis's and Tolkien's doctor, dubbed "Useless Quack" by Warren Lewis){{sfn|Glyer|2007|p=12}}
C. S. Lewis
Warren Lewis (C. S. Lewis's elder brother)
J. R. R. Tolkien
Christopher Tolkien (J. R. R. Tolkien's son)
Charles Williams

Less frequent visitors included:

Nevill Coghill{{cite journal |last1=no byline |title=The Inklings |journal=Christian History |date=1985 |issue=7 |url=https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/lewis-inklings}}
James Dundas-Grant{{sfn|Kilby|Mead|1982|p=230}}
Colin Hardie{{cite web |last=Bailey |first=Cyril |title=Hardie, William Ross (1862–1916) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33698 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=9 November 2024}}
Gervase Mathew{{cite journal |last=Chadwick |first=Henry |date=May 1976 |title=Obituary: Gervase Mathew |journal=New Blackfriars |volume=57 |issue=672 |pages=194–196 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-2005 |doi-broken-date=26 April 2025 |jstor=43246551}}
R. B. McCallum{{sfn|Kilby|Mead|1982|p=230}}
Courtenay Edward Stevens{{cite ODNB |last1=Plaskitt |first1=Emma |title=Inklings (act. 1930–1960) |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-92544 |year=2006 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/92544|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8}}
Charles Leslie Wrenn{{sfn|Kilby|Mead|1982|p=230}}
George Temple{{Cite book |editor-last1= Hollings |editor-first1= Christopher |editor-last2= McCartney |editor-first2= Mark |title= Oxford's Sedleian Professors of Natural Philosophy | publication-place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-date=2023 |page=188 }}

Guests included:

Roy Campbell{{sfn|Carpenter|2023|loc=Letter #83 to Christopher Tolkien, 6 October 1944}}
E. R. Eddison{{sfn|Carpenter|2023|loc=Letter #73 to Christopher Tolkien, 10 June 1944}}

Meetings

File:Eagle and Child (interior).jpg pub, formerly the landlord's sitting-room where Lewis's friends, including Inklings members, informally gathered on Tuesday mornings. There is a small display of memorabilia.]]

"Properly speaking," wrote Warren Lewis, "the Inklings was neither a club nor a literary society, though it partook of the nature of both. There were no rules, officers, agendas, or formal elections."{{cite book |first=Bruce L. |last=Edwards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-e1V5QrT-P8C&q=the+Inklings+was+neither+a+club+for+a+literary+society%2C+though+it+partook+of+the+nature+of+both.+There+were+no+rules%2C+officers%2C+agendas%2C+or+formal+elections&pg=PA279 |title=CS Lewis: Apologist, philosopher, and theologian |year=2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780275991197}} As was typical for university groups in their time and place, the Inklings were all male. Readings and discussions of the members' unfinished works were the principal purposes of meetings. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings,{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inklings|title=Inklings {{!}} literary group|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2017-08-02|language=en}} Lewis's Out of the Silent Planet, and Williams's All Hallows' Eve were among the novels first read to the Inklings. Tolkien's fictional Notion Club (see "Sauron Defeated") was based on the Inklings. Meetings were not all serious; the Inklings amused themselves by having competitions to see who could read the notoriously bad prose of Amanda McKittrick Ros for the longest without laughing.{{Citation | url=http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?co=0&ca=0&to=0&sca=0&articleID=2393&navID=0 | title=Culture Northern Ireland | contribution=War of Words over World's Worst Writer | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312052952/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?co=0&ca=0&to=0&sca=0&articleID=2393&navID=0 | archive-date=12 March 2007}}.

The name was associated originally with a society of Oxford University's University College, initiated by the then undergraduate Edward Tangye Lean around 1931, for the purpose of reading aloud unfinished compositions. The society consisted of students and dons, among them Tolkien and Lewis. When Lean left Oxford in 1933, the society ended, and Tolkien and Lewis transferred its name to their group at Magdalen College. On the association between the two 'Inklings' societies, Tolkien later said "although our habit was to read aloud compositions of various kinds (and lengths!), this association and its habit would in fact have come into being at that time, whether the original short-lived club had ever existed or not."{{sfn|Carpenter|2023|loc=letter #298 to William Luther White, 11 September 1967}}

Until late 1949, Inklings readings and discussions were usually held on Thursday evenings in C. S. Lewis's rooms at Magdalen. The Inklings and friends also gathered informally on Tuesdays at midday at a local public house, The Eagle and Child, familiarly and alliteratively known in the Oxford community as The Bird and Baby, or simply The Bird.{{cite web |title=Eagle & Child pub |website=Headington |url=http://www.headington.org.uk/oxon/stgiles/tour/west/48_49_eagle.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013616/http://headington.org.uk/oxon/stgiles/tour/west/48_49_eagle.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016}}. The publican, Charlie Blagrove, let Lewis and friends use his private parlour for privacy; the wall and door separating it from the public bar were removed in 1962.{{sfn|Carpenter|1979|p=149}} During the war years, beer shortages occasionally rendered the Eagle and Child unable to open and the group instead met at other pubs, including the White Horse and the Kings Arms.{{cite journal |title=When did the Inklings meet? A chronological survey of their gatherings: 1933–1954 |last=King |first=D. W. |journal=Journal of Inklings Studies |year=2020 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=184–204 |doi=10.3366/ink.2020.0079 |s2cid=226364975 }} Later pub meetings were at The Lamb and Flag across the street, and in earlier years the Inklings also met irregularly in yet other pubs, but The Eagle and Child is the best known.{{cite web |url=https://www.ignatius.com/promotions/looking-for-the-king/who-were-the-inklings.htm |title=Who Were the Inklings? Looking for the King: An Inklings Novel – Available from Ignatius Press |website=Ignatius.com |access-date=2017-08-02}}

Legacy

The Marion E. Wade Center, at Wheaton College, Illinois, has holdings on the Inklings Owen Barfield, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien and Charles Williams. These include letters, manuscripts, audio and video tapes, artwork, dissertations, periodicals, photographs, and related materials. Wheaton also has a creative writing critique group inspired by the Inklings called "WhInklings".

The Mythopoeic Society, with its journal Mythlore, is a literary organization devoted to the study of mythopoeic literature, particularly the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, and Charles Williams, founded by Glen GoodKnight in 1967 and incorporated as a non-profit organization in 1971.{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Valerie J. |title=Glen Howard GoodKnight II dies at 69; Tolkien enthusiast founded the Mythopoeic Society |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-glen-goodknight-20101114-story.html |access-date=29 September 2020 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=14 November 2010}}

Another journal that focuses on The Inklings is Journal of Inklings Studies (founded in 2011).{{cite journal |last=Croft |first=Janet Brennan |author-link=Janet Brennan Croft |year=2016 |title=Bibliographic Resources for Literature Searches on J.R.R Tolkien |journal=Journal of Tolkien Research |volume=3 |issue=1 |at=Article 2 |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol3/iss1/2}}

The Inklings in fiction

In Swan Song (1947) by Edmund Crispin a discussion takes place between Professor Gervase Fen and others in the front parlour of the Eagle and Child.

{{quote |"There goes C. S. Lewis", said Fen suddenly. "It must be Tuesday."|}}

The Late Scholar (2013) by Jill Paton Walsh is a sequel, set in 1951, to the Lord Peter Wimsey novels of Dorothy L. Sayers. Wimsey, now 17th Duke of Denver, is investigating a mystery in the fictional St Severin's College, Oxford with his friend Charles Parker, now an assistant chief constable.

{{quote |sign=|source=|"Right," said Peter. "How about lunch, Charles? We could spin out to the Rose Revived." [on the Thames about 7 miles from Oxford]

Charles looked bashful. "I have heard," he said carefully, "that there is a pub in Oxford at which C. S Lewis often takes lunch."

"There is indeed", said Peter. "But he lunches with a group of cronies … Right, on with our overcoats and it's off to the Bird and Babe."}}

Three of the best-known members of the Inklings – Tolkien, Lewis, and Williams – are the main characters of James A. Owen's fantasy series, The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica. (Warren Lewis and Hugo Dyson are recurring minor characters throughout the series.) The existence and founding of the organization are also alluded to in the third novel, The Indigo King. (The timeline of the books is different from the historical timeline at points, but these are dealt with part way through the series by the explanation that the books take place in a history alternative to our own.){{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/james-a-owen/indigo-king/|title=THE INDIGO KING {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|language=en}}

References

Sources

{{cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Humphrey |author-link=Humphrey Carpenter |title=The Inklings: CS Lewis, JRR Tolkien, Charles Williams and their Friends |year=1979 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=0-395-27628-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/inklingscslewisj00carp }}
{{ME-ref|Letters}}
{{cite book |last=Glyer |first=Diana Pavlac |author-link=Diana Pavlac Glyer |title=The Company They Keep: CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien as Writers in Community |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-87338-890-0}}
{{cite book |editor1-last=Kilby |editor1-first=Clyde S. |editor1-link=Clyde S. Kilby |editor2-last=Mead |editor2-first=Marjorie Lamp |title=Brothers and Friends: The Diaries of Major Warren Hamilton Lewis |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco |year=1982 |isbn=0-06-064575-X}}

External links

{{cite book |url=https://inklings-studies.org/ |title=Journal of Inklings Studies |place=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press}}, peer-reviewed & academic.
{{cite web |url=http://cslewisblog.com/ |title=Further Up and Further In |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302033439/http://cslewisblog.com/ |archive-date=2 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}, a CS Lewis and Inklings resource blog.
{{cite web |url=http://www.mythsoc.org/inklings/ |title=An Inklings bibliography |publisher=The Mythopoeic Society |access-date=8 June 2010 |archive-date=23 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923130138/http://www.mythsoc.org/inklings/ |url-status=dead }}.
{{cite web |url=https://www.inklings-gesellschaft.de/ |title=Inklings gesellschaft |language=de |trans-title=Inklings Society}}
{{cite web |url=https://www.wheaton.edu/wadecenter |title=Marion E. Wade Center |type=research collection | publisher=Wheaton}}
{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/search?q=Inklings+%28act.+1930%E2%80%931960%29 |title=Inklings |website=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}