Inku language
{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language of Afghanistan}}
{{Distinguish|Hindko}}
{{Redirect-distinguish2|Jakati language|languages known as Jataki}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Inku
| altname =
| states = Afghanistan
| speakers =
| ref =
| extinct = after 1990s
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = Indo-Iranian
| fam3 = Indo-Aryan
| fam4 = Northwestern
| fam5 = Punjabic
| fam6 = Lahnda
| iso3 = jat
| glotto = jaka1245
| glottorefname = Inku
| ethnicity = "Jats" (Jalali, Pikraj, Shadibaz, Vangawala)
| region = Various
}}
Inku is a Punjabi dialect, spoken, throughout Afghanistan by four of the country's itinerant communities: the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz and the Vangawala. Itinerant communities in Afghanistan, whether Inku-speaking or not, are locally known as "Jats" (not to be confused with the Jats of India and Pakistan), a term which is not a self-designation of the groups but rather a collective, often pejorative name given by outsiders.{{sfn|Hanifi|2012}} The reference work Ethnologue has an entry for what could be this language, but under the name Jakati (with the corresponding ISO 639-3 code {{code|jat}}), but that entry is at least partly erroneous.{{sfn|Glottolog 4.6}}
Each of the four groups speaks a variety with slight differences compared to the others.{{sfn|Rao|1995|p=82}} According to their local tradition, their ancestors migrated in the 19th century from the Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Ghazi Khan regions of present-day Pakistan.{{sfn|Rao|1986|p=266}} Such an origin suggests that Inku may be related to the Derawali dialect of Punjabi, spoken there,{{sfn|Rao|1986|p=267}} though nothing is conclusively known.{{sfn|Rao|1995}}
The total population of the four Inku-speaking groups was estimated to be 30,000 as of the end of the 2010.{{sfn|Rao|1986|pp=267–71}} There is no reliable information about their present state, though it is unlikely that many have survived the subsequent upheavals in the country,{{sfn|Hanifi|2012}} and according to the entry in Ethnologue, which however may not necessarily refer to this language,{{sfn|Glottolog 4.6}} the last speakers "probably survived into the 2020s".{{sfn|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2019}}
Linguistic materials about the varieties spoken by the Shadibaz, Vangawala and Pikraj were collected by Aparna Rao in the 1970s, but they have not been published or analysed yet.{{sfn|Rao|1995|p=82}}
Example text
The following is an extract of a text narrated in 1978 by a man of the Chenarkhel subgroup of the Vangawala:{{sfn|Rao|1995|p=85}}
{{interlinear
| indent = 2|son dyan naal|listen(?) attention|
}}
{{interlinear
| indent = 2|asā ta bewatan te bezamīñ bejedad e.|we then countryless and landless propertyless are|
}}
{{interlinear
| indent = 2|as sāṛe ḍāḍe is vatan kono āeñ Balučistān koloñ.|our {} ancestors this country to came Baluchistan from|
}}
{{interlinear|indent=2
|as sāṛe ḍāḍe Balučistān koloñ āeñ.
|our {} ancestors Baluchistan from came|}}
{{interlinear|indent=2
|te is vatan vič asāñ taqriban sō {ḍiḍ sō} varā thi gaiñ.
|and this country in we about 100 150 years has/have become|}}
{{interlinear|indent=2
|sō {ḍiḍ sō} warā thi gayā asā bejedād bezamīn vadiyeñ.
|100 150 years has/have become we propertyless landless {are in trouble}|}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2019|chapter = Jakati|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=22nd|publisher=SIL International|chapter-url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jat}}
- {{cite book|last = Hanifi | first = M. Jamil | year = 2012| chapter = Jāt| title=Encyclopædia Iranica|chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jat}}
- {{cite web| title = Inku| editor1-last = Hammarström| editor1-first = Harald| editor2-last = Forkel| editor2-first = Robert| editor3-last = Haspelmath| editor3-first = Martin| editor4-first = Sebastian| editor4-last = Bank| year=2022| work = Glottolog| edition = 4.6| location = Leipzig| publisher = Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology| url = https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jaka1245| ref = {{harvid|Glottolog 4.6}} }}
- {{cite book|last1=Kieffer|first1=Charles|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=1983|volume=I|pages=501–516|chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages|chapter=Afghanistan: V. Languages}}
- {{cite book|last = Rao| first = Aparna | year = 1986| chapter = Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan: Image and Identity| pages = 254–83| title = Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans| editor-last = Orywal| editor-first = Erwin| place = Wiesbaden| publisher = L. Reichert.|isbn=3-88226-360-1}}
- {{cite journal|last = Rao | first = Aparna | year = 1995 | title = Marginality and language use: the example of peripatetics in Afghanistan | journal = Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–95|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077550260;view=1up;seq=11}}
{{Punjabi varieties}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}