Inocybaceae

The type genus of the Inocybaceae, Inocybe, was originally described by Fries in 1821, as a 'tribe' within a broad mushroom genus, Agaricus. In 1863, Fries elevated Inocybe to generic rank.

Inocybe, had traditionally been placed within the family Cortinariaceae.{{cite book |author=Singer, Rolf |title=The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy |publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books |location=Koenigstein, Germany |year=1986 |isbn=978-3-87429-254-2}}{{cite book |author=Bisby, Guy Richard |author2=Ainsworth, G. C. |author3=Kirk, P. M. |author4=Aptroot, André |title=Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi / by P. M. Kirk... [et al.]; with the assistance of A. Aptroot... [et al.] |publisher=CAB International |location=Oxon, UK |year=2001 |page=255 |isbn=978-0-85199-377-5 }} Despite this, Dutch taxonomist Walter Jülich placed the genus in its own family, the Inocybaceae.Jülich W. (1982). Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Mycologia 85. Cramer, Vaduz. 485 pp. Later, the Cortinariaceae were shown to be polyphyletic.{{cite journal |vauthors=Moncalvo JM, Lutzoni FM, Rehner SA, Johnson J, Vilgalys R |title=Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=278–305 |year=2000 |pmid=12118409 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/49.2.278|doi-access= }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK |title=One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=357–400 |year=2002 |pmid=12099793 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1 |bibcode=2002MolPE..23..357M }} Additionally, phylogenetic analyses of RPB1, RPB2 and nLSU-rDNA regions from a variety of Inocybe and related taxa would support Jülich's recognition of Inocybe at the family level.{{cite journal |author=Matheny PB |title=Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms with RPB1 and RPB2 nucleotide sequences (Inocybe; Agaricales) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |year=2005 |pmid=15737578 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.014 |bibcode=2005MolPE..35....1M }} In their Dictionary of the Fungi, Kirk et al. (2008){{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=340 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}} did not distinguish between Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but rather merged them into one family they called Inocybaceae. The literature has since then split up the classification given by Kirk et al. (2008) not only into Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but also Tubariaceae{{Cite journal|title = Novitates. Tubariaceae fam. nov.|author = Vizzini A|date = 2008|journal = Rivista di Micologia|page = 174|volume = 51}}{{Cite journal|title = Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview|vauthors = Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Tang ZL, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS|date = 2006|journal = Mycologia|doi = 10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982|pages = 982–995|pmid = 17486974|volume = 98|issue = 6|url = https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=349&content=PDF|url-access = subscription}}{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{Cite journal|url =https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/152675/1/Crassisporium%20and%20Romagnesiella_4aperto.pdf |title = Crassisporium and Romagnesiella: two new genera of dark-spored Agaricales|vauthors = Matheny PB, Moreau PA, Vizzini A, Harrower E, De Haan A, Contu M, Curti M|date = 2015|journal = Systematics and Biodiversity|doi = 10.1080/14772000.2014.967823|issue = 1|pages = 28–41|volume = 13| bibcode=2015SyBio..13...28M |hdl = 2318/152675|s2cid = 53694501|hdl-access = free}} and Chromocyphellaceae.{{Cite journal|title = Alignment, clade robustness and fungal phylogenetics — Crepidotaceae and sister families revisited|vauthors = Petersen G, Knudsen H, Seberg O|date = 2010|journal = Cladistics|doi = 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00279.x|pages = 62–71|volume = 26| issue=1 | pmid=34875756 |s2cid = 84495351}}

Inocybaceae has only become an independent family somewhat recently. The family is now split into 7 different clades, all recognized with generic rank: Auritella, Inocybe sensu stricto, Inosperma, Mallocybe, Nothocybe, Pseudosperma, and Tubariomyces{{Cite journal |last1=CSIZMÁR |first1=M. |last2=CSEH |first2=P. |last3=DIMA |first3=B. |last4=ASSAMERE |first4=A. |last5=ORLÓCI |first5=L. |last6=BRATEK |first6=Z. |title=Contribution to the Taxonomic Knowledge of the Family Inocybaceae in Budapest, Hungary |date=2023 |journal=Applied Ecology and Environmental Research |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=409–420 |doi=10.15666/aeer/2101_409420 |issn=1589-1623|doi-access=free |hdl=10831/112833 |hdl-access=free }}. It is estimated that Inocybe (the largest genus within Inocybaceae) contains ca. 1050 species; Pseudosperma with ca. 70 species; Mallocybe with more than 55 species; Inosperma containing 70+ known species; and Auritella, Nothocybe, and Tubariomyces containing an unknown number of species, but estimated to be in rather small numbers.

In a 2019 molecular study, Matheny and colleagues used six gene phylogenetic analyses to determine relationships within the family. They recovered Nothocybe as sister to Inocybe, while members of Inocybe section Rimosae formed a lineage that diverged from the ancestor of the preceding two, and hence reclassified it as a genus Pseudosperma. Another branch gives rise to four lineages - the genus Auritella, what was Inocybe subgenus Mallocybe (now Mallocybe{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Jian-Hua |last2=Yu |first2=Wen-Jie |last3=Deng |first3=Lun-Sha |last4=Fan |first4=Yu-Guang |last5=Bau |first5=Tolgor |last6=Tang |first6=Li-Ping |last7=Lin |first7=Wen-Fei |last8=Deng |first8=Chun-Ying |date=2023-01-27 |title=The detection of major clades and new species of Mallocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) from China with elongate cheilocystidia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01854-5 |journal=Mycological Progress |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=15 |doi=10.1007/s11557-022-01854-5 |bibcode=2023MycPr..22...15H |s2cid=256277591 |issn=1861-8952|url-access=subscription }}), Tubariomyces, and Inosperma (previously Inocybe subgenus Inosperma).{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00275514.2019.1668906|title=Genera of Inocybaceae: New skin for the old ceremony|year=2020|last1=Matheny|first1=P. Brandon|last2=Hobbs|first2=Alicia M.|last3=Esteve-Raventós|first3=Fernando|journal=Mycologia|volume=112|issue=1|pages=83–120|pmid=31846596|s2cid=209407151|url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Genera_of_Inocybaceae_New_skin_for_the_old_ceremony/11388705 |url-access=subscription}}

The Inocybaceae are widespread in north temperate regions, but also found in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. Members of this family have also been encountered in Africa, Australia, the neotropics, New Zealand, the north temperate zone, the paleotropics, Southeast Asia, South America, and the south temperate zone.{{Cite journal |last1=Matheny |first1=P. Brandon |last2=Aime |first2=M. Catherine |last3=Bougher |first3=Neale L. |last4=Buyck |first4=Bart |last5=Desjardin |first5=Dennis E. |last6=Horak |first6=Egon |last7=Kropp |first7=Bradley R. |last8=Lodge |first8=D. Jean |last9=Soytong |first9=Kasem |last10=Trappe |first10=James M. |last11=Hibbett |first11=David S. |date=11 March 2009 |title=Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=577–592 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02055.x |s2cid=85164367 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009JBiog..36..577M }}

Members of Inocybaceae are ectomycorrhizal, which is a specialized form of symbyosis with plants generally thought to be mutually beneficial. It is estimated that they can form mycorrhiza with at least 23 plant families. Most species tend to prefer calcareous to neutrally-rich soils, and are often found at the edges of paths, roads, parks, or other urban habitats. Some authors reinforce that members of this family would generally prefer more calcareous soils and notes that this trait is well conserved.

• List of Agaricales families
• List of Inocybe species

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Category:Agaricales families