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Institutional abuse

{{Short description|Mistreatment of a person from a system of power}}

{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}

Institutional abuse is the maltreatment of a person (often children or older adults) from a system of power.{{cite journal|last=Powers|first=J. L. |author2=A. Mooney |author3=M. Nunno|title=Institutional abuse: A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Child and Youth Care|year=1990|volume=4|issue=6|page=81}} This can range from acts similar to home-based child abuse, such as neglect, physical and sexual abuse, and hunger, to the effects of assistance programs working below acceptable service standards, or relying on harsh or unfair ways to modify behavior. Institutional abuse occurs within emergency care facilities such as foster homes, group homes, kinship care homes, and pre-adoptive homes. Children who are placed in this type of out of home care are typically in the custody of the state. The maltreatment is usually caused by an employee of the facility.

Background

Institutional abuse can typically occur in a group home, nursing home, acute hospital or in-patient setting and can be any of the following:{{cite web |url=http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspages.nsf/LookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF/Institutional+abuse?opendocument |title=Institutional abuse |publisher=Surreycc.gov.uk |date=2007-01-18 |access-date=2010-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014740/http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspages.nsf/LookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF/Institutional+abuse?opendocument |archive-date=2011-06-22 |url-status=dead }}

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}} Typical of the institutionalized bigotry that coincides with abuse, it is said that it can be considered to mainly apply to four categories of people:Manthorpe J, Penhale B, Stanley N Institutional Abuse: Perspectives Across the Life Course (1999){{Page needed|date=November 2010}}

This perspective often written into educational material seeks to excuse perpetrators with the "explanation" that the abused adults are all somehow mentally inept.

Institutional abuse can be divided into three categories:

  • Overt abuse – similar to familial abuse in its overt physical, sexual, or emotional abuse by a foster parent or child care worker
  • Program abuse – unique to an institutional situation, in which a program must operate below acceptable conditions or improperly use power to modify the behavior of person
  • System abuse – involves an entire care system that is stretched beyond capacity and causes maltreatment through inadequate resources.

These issues range from personal abuses to situational maltreatment and differ greatly in their causes. Most institutional abuses are the result of difficult and stressful working environments, where those with the least training often have the most contact with the participants, and have the hardest schedules, least payment, and most undesirable working conditions. The high-stress working environments of care workers combined with low-quality hiring and screening practices of workers can create abusive situations through lack of experience or knowledge on the worker's part. Lack of proper training for workers can conflict or hurt institutional goals for patients through improper implementation of treatments, compounded by organizational structures that may only have doctors and psychologists on site for short hours. In overstressed situations, power over the patients can bring feelings of control and significance, leading to stress being a predictor of abuse in institutional and familial settings. isolation from the community can have similar effects.

Often complicating worker issues is lack of organizational goals or policy. In childcare situations, lack of curricular recreation for children can lead to more acting out behavior, causing more stress for workers, and more inclination toward mistreatment. Patients can often be difficult to manage through inability or behavioral issues, and those who are more difficult for staff to work with are often the victims of abusive situations. It is proposed that most abuse rises of out frustration and lack of ability to properly control the patient, not intentional maltreatment.

Institutional child abuse also happens intentionally in the troubled teen industry where residential treatment centers and schools market themselves as therapeutic to families who are then duped into colluding with the abuse. The outcomes of these types of abusive settings resemble cult like circumstances and are devastating to the survivor of abuse. More and more programs are getting shut down through a movement called "Breaking Code Silence" started by Paris Hilton in 2020 where she publicly spoke about her abuse at Provo Canyon School in Utah. The exposure led to a lot of changes in the industry.

There is a lack of state legislation defining or prosecuting institutional abuse, leading to difficulty in investigation or dealing with abusive situations.

Historical perspective

Institutional abuse is also present in situations outside those of child and elder care. The Nuremberg Code was developed during the Nuremberg Trials to create a universal ethical code for the treatment of humans from an institutional standpoint.{{cite journal|last=Lopez-Munoz|first=F.|author2=C. Alamo |author3=M. Dudley |author4=G. Rubio |author5=P. García-García |author6=J. D. Molina |author7=A. Okasha |title=Psychiatry and political–institutional abuse from the historical perspective: The ethical lessons of the Nuremberg Trial on their 60th anniversary|journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry|year=2008|volume=31|pages=791–806 |doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.12.007 |pmid=17223241 |issue=4|s2cid=39675837}} Though this Code is not formally adopted by any organization, its standard for human rights has been used as a guide for more specific ethical codes. However, history has still shown the abuse of the vulnerable members of society through medical and psychiatric institutions. Under the Nazi regime of the early 1940s, this abuse took the form of sterilization of those purported to be "mentally ill", and general medical experimentation without consent or will to leave, and eugenics. The political nature of these policies lead to them being enforced by law under an ideology of purifying race of genetic deficiencies. Eugenics and sterilization campaigns have also been run outside of political dictatorship, including a number of states in the United States, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. But it is the shift from sterilization to euthanasia of the mentally ill or other politically undesirable groups in Nazi Germany that lead to the actions of the Holocaust. Japanese soldiers of the time also would use these groups as research subjects for infectious diseases and poisons, while Stalin's regime in Russia used the guise of mental illness to torture and punish political dissidents.

The Army and CIA of the United States also have histories of testing psychiatric drugs on unwilling patients or soldiers. LSD was tested by using prostitutes to trick men into taking the drug, and various combinations of depressants, hallucinogens, and stimulants would be given to unconsenting soldiers for observation of the effects. In response to many of these unethical experiments, specific ethical codes were developed to protect the rights of the participants and require informed consent.

Abuse of children

Abuse in childcare institutions falls most commonly into the categories of overt abuse, program abuse, and system abuse, which arise from the staff, program, or childcare system.{{cite journal|last=Nunno|first=M. A.|title=Institutional abuse: The role of leadership, authority, and the environment in social sciences literature|journal=Early Child Development and Care|year=1997|volume=133|page=21|doi=10.1080/0300443971330103}} As children are still in development as institutional abuse occurs, the definition of institutional abuse for children is often widened to include harming a child's development, altering a child's identity, or devaluing them as a person. Child maltreatment is also often defined as foreseeable or probable harm or injury to a child's physical, social, emotional, or developmental well-being. Researchers found incidents ranging from 39 to 85 abuse cases per 100 children living in full-time housing, with only 85 in 1000 cases being reported to authorities. Children in mental disorder clinics were more likely to report abuse than those in mental disability clinics.

=Model of abuse=

A number of researchers have tried to model the factors that cause abuse and maltreatment in childcare facilities. The acting factors in this model are the caregivers, children, the care-giving environment, and any other exogenic factors. Risk factors towards abuse are associated with each of these, such as the stress of the working environment can be to caregivers. These factors have all been organized into a model of concentric circles, with maltreatment at the center, and each circle further out influencing those within. There are ordered from inside out: maltreatment, child factors, caretaker factors, organization and environment factors, and exogenous factors.

==Caretaker risk factors==

A number of high-risk factors for the institutional abuse of children include lack of caretaker competence or training and adherence to only one treatment methodology, lack of supervision of caretakers, and much time for unstructured activities. The probability of a caretaker to be abusive is positively correlated with their job stress, age, lack of job satisfaction and facility status.

==Child risk factors==

Children who are more likely to be abused often display characteristics of being difficult for workers to deal with and needing more one-on-one supervision, isolation from their family, and previous victims of abuse. Children with disabilities or chronic illnesses are especially at risk of institutional abuse due to their reliance on healthcare institutions such as hospitals.{{cite journal |last1=Kendrick |first1=Andrew |last2=Taylor |first2=Julie |title=Hidden on the ward: the abuse of children in hospitals |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |date=March 2000 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=565–573 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01311.x |pmid=10718875 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01311.x |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en |issn=0309-2402}} Male children are more likely to be abused, and are more often abused physically and neglectfully, while females are more likely to be sexually abused.

==Other factors==

Incidents of abuse are most often reported at the beginning and end of the school year, and there are conflicting reports as to unemployment rates' influence on abuse.

Abuse of older adults

There is not a definitive definition of institutional abuse of older adults, with psychologists differing with legal definitions, and differing depending on the measures used. Definitions often include institutionally caused physical, psychological, financial, or sexual abuse or neglect.

Among the abuse that happens among elders, most is concentrated on those who are more frail and need more assistance.{{cite journal|last=McDonald|first=Lynn |author2=Beaulieu, M. |author3=Harbison, J. |author4=Hirst, S. |author5=Lowenstein, A. |author6=Podnieks, E. |author7=Wahl, J. |title=Institutional Abuse of Older Adults: What We Know, What We Need to Know|journal=Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect|date=1 April 2012|volume=24|issue=2|pages=138–160|doi=10.1080/08946566.2011.646512|pmid=22471513 |s2cid=32759079 }} In a review of Canadian assistance homes, over 70% of workers reported acting in an abusive way towards patients, frequently in the form of psychological abuse or neglect. In a study of American assistance homes, there was a rate of 20% for employees stealing from residents, with employees acknowledging that it was the residents that were more difficult or abusive that were more likely to be robbed. Further, in Sweden, assistance home employees reported witnessing abuse at 11%, while participating in elder abuse at 2% rates. This abuse was most commonly physical abuse, followed by psychological abuse and neglect. Rates of abuse differ across surveys, countries, and homes, but certain facts are consistent across studies. Victims of abuse are also susceptible to threefold greater mortality rates than their peers.{{cite journal|last=McDonald|first=L.|title=Elder abuse and neglect in Canada: the glass is still half full|journal=Canadian Journal on Aging|year=2011|volume=30|issue=3|pages=437–65|doi=10.1017/s0714980811000286|pmid=21910956|s2cid=7484119}}

Several frameworks have been developed to model the risk factors for institutional elder abuse. In one model, risk factors are divided into three categories: validated factors, possible factors, and contested factors. Factors that have been shown to be risks for abuse include lack of consistent organizational policies, low-quality enforcement of standards, lack of trained staff, vulnerability due to dementia. Possible factors include gender, personality of the victim, and race.

Sexual abuse is one of the lower occurring and under-reported forms of institutional abuse. Women are disproportionately represented among victims, and most often abused by other residents of the home. The majority of victims also suffered from a form of dementia or cognitive impairment. However, institution-based sexual abuse crossed all gender, race, and cultural barriers.

Risk factors of institutional abuse of older adults has been found to be related to the size of the housing, with larger organizations more susceptible to abuse. Staff factors such as unionization, short staffing, and work stress are also predictors of abuse. Patients with severe dementia are also more susceptible to maltreatment such as being constrained.

Researchers do not have a definitive answer for the cause of elder abuse. Workers in assistance homes have suggested that program factors such as understaffing, focus on making money over human welfare, and ageism contributing to institutional abuse, aggravated by patients who may be difficult or struggling with mental health issues. Most studies have focused on the interaction of stressed workers with difficult patients.

Studies indicate that social inclusion can act as a cessation towards elderly abuse. This method is not only intended to encourage diversity within hospital settings. It is also intended to ensure the individual needs of elderly patients are being met.{{Cite journal|last1=Du Mont|first1=Janice|last2=Kosa|first2=S. Daisy|last3=Kia|first3=Hannah|last4=Spencer|first4=Charmaine|last5=Yaffe|first5=Mark|last6=Macdonald|first6=Sheila|date=2020-06-05|editor-last=Vidal|editor-first=Edison I.O.|title=Development and evaluation of a social inclusion framework for a comprehensive hospital-based elder abuse intervention|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=15|issue=6|pages=e0234195|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234195|issn=1932-6203|pmc=7274390|pmid=32502200|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1534195D|doi-access=free}} Other intervention methods that are education based have high success rates in increasing awareness but less evidence of improving the welfares of elderly populations.{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=Philip RA|last2=Francis|first2=Daniel P|last3=Hairi|first3=Noran N|last4=Othman|first4=Sajaratulnisah|last5=Choo|first5=Wan Yuen|date=2016-08-16|title=Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly|url= |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2016|issue=8|pages=CD010321|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd010321.pub2|pmid=27528431|issn=1465-1858|pmc=7169376}}

Notable institutions and investigations

Youth Facilities

Care Homes

Hospitals

Other

See also

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References

{{Reflist|2}}

Further reading

;Academic papers

  • {{cite journal |last1=Barter |first1=Christine |title=Who's to Blame: Conceptualising Institutional Abuse by Children |journal=Early Child Development and Care |volume=133 |pages=101–114 |year=1997 |doi=10.1080/0300443971330108}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Barter |first1=Christine |title=Practitioners' experiences and perceptions of investigating allegations of institutional abuse |journal=Child Abuse Review |volume=8 |pages=392–404 |year=1999 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0852(199911/12)8:6<392::AID-CAR571>3.0.CO;2-T |issue=6}}
  • {{cite journal |first1=Lupin |last1=Battersby |first2=Lorraine |last2=Greaves |first3=Rodney |last3=Hunt |date=Fall 2008 |title=Legal Redress and Institutional Sexual Abuse: A Study of the Experiences of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Survivor |journal=Florida Coastal Law Review |volume=67 |pages=67–118 |url=http://www.fcsl.edu/law-review/journal/fall08/battersby.pdf}}
  • {{cite journal |first1=J. W. |last1=Bellflower |year=1999 |title=Respecting Our Elders: Can Tennessee Do More to Protect Its Elder Population from Institutional Abuse and Neglect |journal=Tennessee Law Review |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=819–46 |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/tenn66&div=27&id=&page=}}
  • {{cite journal |first1=G. C. J. |last1=Bennett |year=1999 |title=Institutional abuse of older people: The regularity of institutional scandal and calls for the Government to appoint a health service commissioner specifically for institutional care |journal=British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=420–3 |url=http://direct.bl.uk/bld/PlaceOrder.do?UIN=066948109&ETOC=RN&from=searchengine|doi=10.12968/bjtr.1999.6.9.13938 }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Bergin |first1=John |title=Dysfunctional Organization? Institutional Abuse of Children in Care in Ireland |journal=Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion |volume=4 |pages=461–485 |year=2007 |doi=10.1080/14766080709518679 |issue=4|s2cid=144494471 }}
  • {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(86)90078-5 |last1=Blatt |first1=ER |last2=Brown |first2=SW |title=Environmental influences on incidents of alleged child abuse and neglect in New York State psychiatric facilities: toward an etiology of institutional child maltreatment |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=171–80 |year=1986 |pmid=3708422}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Brennan |first1=Carol |title=Facing What Cannot be Changed: the Irish Experience of Confronting Institutional Child Abuse |journal=Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law |volume=29 |pages=245–263 |year=2007 |doi=10.1080/09649060701752265 |issue=3|s2cid=144920555 }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Carr-Gregg |first1=Michael |last2=Hobbs |first2=Kim |title=The Technological Imperative and Institutional Abuse: Its Effect on the Young Person with Cancer |journal=Australian Social Work |volume=41 |pages=25 |year=1988 |doi=10.1080/03124078808549967 |issue=2}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Alan |last2=Flanagan |first2=Edel |last3=Dooley |first3=Barbara |last4=Fitzpatrick |first4=Mark |last5=Flanagan-Howard |first5=Roisin |last6=Shevlin |first6=Mark |last7=Tierney |first7=Kevin |last8=White |first8=Megan |last9=Daly |first9=Margaret |title=Profiles of Irish survivors of institutional abuse with different adult attachment styles |journal=Attachment & Human Development |volume=11 |pages=183–201 |year=2009 |doi=10.1080/14616730802638741 |pmid=19266365 |issue=2 |hdl=10197/5195 |s2cid=16099854 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=G. |title=Leadership and Authority: Power, Charisma and Institutional Abuse |journal=Early Child Development and Care |volume=133 |pages=5–19 |year=1997 |doi=10.1080/0300443971330102}}
  • {{cite journal |first1=Barry M. |last1=Coldrey |date=Winter 2000 |title=The Queensland Inquiry into Institutional Abuse: A Good Model for Ireland? |journal=Studies |volume=89 |issue=356 |pages=347–53 |jstor=30095397}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Conradie |first1=Gerna |title=Dealing with Institutional Abuse in a Multicultural South African Society |journal=Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect |volume=10 |issue=1–2 |pages=153–163 |year=1999 |doi=10.1300/J084v10n01_10}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Crossmaker |first1=Maureen |title=Behind locked doors—Institutional sexual abuse |journal=Sexuality and Disability |volume=9 |pages=201–219 |year=1991 |doi=10.1007/BF01102393 |issue=3|s2cid=148161033 }}
  • {{cite journal |first1=R. Paul |last1=Davis |year=1963 |title=Records of Arrest and Conviction: A Comparative Study of Institutional Abuse |journal=Creighton Law Review |volume=13 |pages=863 |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/creigh13&div=59&id=&page=}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Alan |last2=Dooley |first2=Barbara |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=Mark |last4=Flanagan |first4=Edel |last5=Flanagan-Howard |first5=Roisin |last6=Tierney |first6=Kevin |last7=White |first7=Megan |last8=Daly |first8=Margaret |last9=Egan |first9=Jonathan |title=Adult adjustment of survivors of institutional child abuse in Ireland |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=34 |pages=477–89 |year=2010 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.11.003 |pmid=20605635 |issue=7 |hdl=10197/5174 |s2cid=24648390 |url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/5174/1/CICA_Adult_Adjustment_2010x.pdf |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Durkin |first1=Roderick |title=Institutional Child Abuse from a Family Systems Perspective |journal=Child & Youth Services |volume=4 |issue=1–2 |pages=15–22 |year=1982 |doi=10.1300/J024v04n01_04}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Harry |title=Abused and Looked After Children as 'Moral Dirt': Child Abuse and Institutional Care in Historical Perspective |journal=Journal of Social Policy |volume=36 |pages=123–139 |year=2006 |doi=10.1017/S0047279406000407|s2cid=145544500 }}
  • {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(85)90089-4 |last1=Englert |first1=Y |last2=Marneffe |first2=C |last3=Soumenkoff |first3=G |last4=Hubinont |first4=PO |title=Institutional abuse: tubal sterilization in a population at risk of ill-treating their children |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=31–5 |year=1985 |pmid=4038898}}
  • {{cite journal |first1=Thomas R. |last1=Finn |first2=Michael D. |last2=Coleman |year=1985 |title=The Institutional and Educational Abuse of Children in State Care |journal=Suffolk University Law Review |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=227 |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/sufflr19&div=34&id=&page=}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Mark |last2=Carr |first2=Alan |last3=Dooley |first3=Barbara |last4=Flanagan-Howard |first4=Roisín |last5=Flanagan |first5=Edel |last6=Tierney |first6=Kevin |last7=White |first7=Megan |last8=Daly |first8=Margaret |last9=Shevlin |first9=Mark |title=Profiles of adult survivors of severe sexual, physical and emotional institutional abuse in Ireland |journal=Child Abuse Review |pages= 387–404|year=2009 |doi=10.1002/car.1083 |volume=19 |issue=6|last10=Egan |first10=Jonathan |hdl=10147/596094 |s2cid=13246097 |url=https://www.lenus.ie/bitstream/10147/596094/1/CICATypesofAbuse2010.pdf |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Flanagan-Howard |first1=R |last2=Carr |first2=A |last3=Shevlin |first3=M |last4=Dooley |first4=B |last5=Fitzpatrick |first5=M |last6=Flanagan |first6=E |last7=Tierney |first7=K |last8=White |first8=M |last9=Daly |first9=M |title=Development and initial validation of the institutional child abuse processes and coping inventory among a sample of Irish adult survivors of institutional abuse |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=586–97 |year=2009 |pmid=19818501 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.10.006 |hdl=10147/596276 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Alan |last2=Dooley |first2=Barbara |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=Mark |last4=Flanagan |first4=Edel |last5=Flanagan-Howard |first5=Roisin |last6=Tierney |first6=Kevin |last7=White |first7=Megan |last8=Daly |first8=Margaret |last9=Egan |first9=Jonathan |title=Adult adjustment of survivors of institutional child abuse in Ireland |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=34 |pages=477–89 |year=2010 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.11.003 |pmid=20605635 |issue=7 |hdl=10197/5174 |s2cid=24648390 |url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/5174/1/CICA_Adult_Adjustment_2010x.pdf |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Bernard |title=The extent and nature of known cases of institutional child sexual abuse |journal=The British Journal of Social Work |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=795–817 |doi=10.1093/bjsw/30.6.795 | date = December 2000 }} [http://www.sia-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/The-Extent-and-Nature-of-Known-Cases-of-Instituional-Child-Sexual-Abuse.pdf Pdf.]
  • {{cite journal |first1=Jane |last1=Garner |date=December 2004 |title=The role of the doctor in the institutional abuse of older people: a psychodynamic perspective |journal=The Journal of Adult Protection |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=16–21 |url=http://pierprofessional.metapress.com/content/x6417n5475gt1866/ |doi=10.1108/14668203200400023 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Garner |first1=J. |title=An ethical perspective on institutional abuse of older adults |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |volume=26 |pages=164–166 |year=2002 |doi=10.1192/pb.26.5.164 |issue=5|doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Garner |first1=J. |title=Institutional Abuse of Older Adults: Council Report CR84 |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |volume=25 |pages=364 |year=2001 |doi=10.1192/pb.25.9.364 |issue=9|doi-access=free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last = Gil | first = Eliana | author-link1= Eliana Gil | title = Institutional abuse of children in out-of-home care | journal = Child & Youth Services | volume = 4 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 7–13 | doi = 10.1300/J024v04n01_03 | date = March 1982 }}
  • {{cite book |first1=Reg |last1=Graycar |first2=Jane |last2=Wangmann |date=July 2007 |title=Redress packages for institutional child abuse: Exploring the Grandview Agreement as a case study in 'alternative' dispute resolution |type=Sydney Law School Research Paper No. 07/50 |ssrn=1001148 |publisher=Sydney Law School}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Griffin |first1=Gabriele |last2=Aitken |first2=Lynda |title=Visibility Blues: Gender Issues in Elder Abuse in Institutional Settings |journal=Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect |volume=10 |issue=1–2 |pages=29–42 |year=1999 |doi=10.1300/J084v10n01_03}}
  • [https://ssrn.com/abstract=894115 Hall MI After Waterhouse: vicarious liability and the tort of institutional abuse - Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, Vol 22, No 2, pages 159-173, 2000]
  • [https://ssrn.com/abstract=894328 Hall MI The liability of public authorities for the abuse of children in institutional care: common law developments in Canada and The United Kingdom - International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, Vol 14, pages 281-301, 2000]
  • {{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Jocelyn |title=Institutional abuse: Understanding domination from the inside looking out |journal=Early Child Development and Care |volume=113 |pages=85–92 |year=1995 |doi=10.1080/0300443951130108}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Jocelyn |title=Towards an Understanding of Power Relationships in Institutional Abuse |journal=Early Child Development and Care |volume=100 |pages=69–76 |year=1994 |doi=10.1080/0300443941000104}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Jocelyn |last2=Myers |first2=Jenny |title=The Future Detection and Prevention of Institutional Abuse: Giving Children a Chance to Participate in Research |journal=Early Child Development and Care |volume=133 |pages=115–125 |year=1997 |doi=10.1080/0300443971330109}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Kelleher |first1=ME |title=Investigating institutional abuse: a post-substantiation model |journal=Child Welfare |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=343–51 |year=1987 |pmid=3608636}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=McAlinden |first1=A.-M. |title='Setting 'Em Up': Personal, Familial and Institutional Grooming in the Sexual Abuse of Children |journal=Social & Legal Studies |volume=15 |pages=339–362 |year=2006 |doi=10.1177/0964663906066613 |issue=3|s2cid=39615500 |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/setting-em-up-personal-familial-and-institutional-grooming-in-the-sexual-abuse-of-children(10f2033c-72e1-4fe3-8b24-d6abd9deee3f).html }}
  • [http://eprints.qut.edu.au/6422/2/6422.pdf Mathews B Queensland Government Actions to Compensate Survivors of Institutional Abuse: a critical and comparative evaluation - Queensland University of Technology Law & Justice Journal 4(1):pages 23-45 2004]
  • {{cite journal |last1=Marzick |first1=Abbey M. |title=The Foster Care Ombudsman: Applying an International Concept to Help Prevent Institutional Abuse of America's Foster Youth |journal=Family Court Review |volume=45 |pages=506–523 |year=2007 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-1617.2007.00166.x |issue=3}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Nunno |first1=Michael |title=Institutional Abuse: The Role of Leadership, Authority and the Environment in the Social Sciences Literature |journal=Early Child Development and Care |volume=133 |pages=21–40 |year=1997 |doi=10.1080/0300443971330103}}
  • [https://archive.today/20130128161137/http://pierprofessional.metapress.com/content/w72866xv044w811l Parker J Seeking effective approaches to elder abuse in institutional settings - The Journal of Adult Protection Volume 3, Number 3 / August 2001 pages 21-29]
  • {{cite journal |last1=Percy |first1=AK |title=Eliminating institutional child abuse: a road too well traveled |journal=Neurology |volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=1617–21 |year=1999 |pmid=10563601 |doi=10.1212/wnl.53.8.1617|s2cid=27313751 }}
  • {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(85)90021-3 |last1=Rabb |first1=J |last2=Rindfleisch |first2=N |title=A study to define and assess severity of institutional abuse/neglect |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=285–94 |year=1985 |pmid=4005669}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Michael |title=Failure to Provide Psychosocial Services Is Institutional Abuse |journal=Children's Health Care |volume=14 |pages=132–133 |year=1986 |doi=10.1207/s15326888chc1403_1 |pmid=10275794 |issue=3}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Sengstock |first1=Mary |last2=McFarland |first2=Marilyn |last3=Hwalek |first3=Melanie |title=Identification of Elder Abuse in Institutional Settings: Required Changes in Existing Protocols |journal=Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect |volume=2 |issue=1–2 |pages=31–50 |year=1990 |doi=10.1300/J084v02n01_03}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Shaughnessy |first1=M |title=Institutional child abuse |journal=Children and Youth Services Review |volume=6 |pages=311–318 |year=1984 |doi=10.1016/0190-7409(84)90050-1 |issue=4}}
  • [http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/rutlr60&div=13&id=&page= Simkins S Out of Sight, Out of Mind: How the Lack of Postdispositional Advocacy in Juvenile Court Increases the Risk of Recidivism and Institutional Abuse - Rutgers Law Review 207 (2007–2008)]
  • [http://www.law.qut.edu.au/ljj/editions/v4n1/mathews_full.jsp Stallybrass L Queensland Government Actions to Compensate Survivors of Institutional Abuse: a critical and comparative evaluation - Law & Justice Journal Vol 4 No 1, 2004]
  • [http://www.legalaid.on.ca/en/publications/downloads/journal_vol17/Sunga.pdf Sunga S Meaning of Compensation in Institutional Abuse Programs - Journal of Law and Policy, vol 17 2002 pages 39-61]
  • [http://www.bsgp.ch/userdocs/ISPCAN%202007.pdf Tschan W Towards a safe institution: How to prevent Sexual Abuse in the Institutional Setting? - Presentation at the XIth ISPCAN European Regional Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, Lisbon, November 18-21, 2007]
  • {{cite journal |last1=Tsuzaki |first1=Tetsuo |title=Socio-cultural Causes of Institutional Abuse in Japan: The Issues of Leadership, Authority and Power Relation |journal=Early Child Development and Care |volume=133 |pages=87–99 |year=1997 |doi=10.1080/0300443971330107}}

;Non-fiction Books

  • Abuse and neglect of children in institutions, 1979: hearings before the Subcommittee on Child and Human Development of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress
  • {{cite book |first1=Marie |last1=Beaulieu |first2=Marie-Josée |last2=Tremblay |date=March 1995 |title=Abuse and neglect of older adults in institutional settings |publisher=Health Canada |url=http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/H72-21-133-3-1995E.pdf |isbn=978-0-662-23475-3}}
  • {{cite book |first1=Christine |last1=Barter |year=1998 |title=Investigating Institutional Abuse of Children |publisher=National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children |location=London |isbn=978-0-902498-84-6}}
  • [http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/Findings/investigatinginstitutionalabuse_wda48234.html Barter C Investigating institutional abuse of children An exploration of the NSPCC experience - 1998 London: NSPCC.] {{ISBN|0-902498-84-3}}
  • Beker, Jerome Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth (Child & Youth Services) (1982)
  • Hanson, R (Ed) Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth. (Child & Youth Services Series: Vol. 4, Nos. 1 & 2) New York: Haworth Press, 1982
  • Westcott, Helen L. Institutional Abuse of Children - From Research to Policy: A Review (Policy, Practice, Research S.) (1991)

Novels

  • Abagnalo, George. Boy on a Pony (Moreland Press, 2001) (exploring privileged sexual abuse within the healthcare system).

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Category:Social institutions

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