Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Browser Usage
{{Short description|Debunked study created by Canadian company AptiQuant}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
"Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Browser Usage" was a hoax study allegedly released by a Canadian company called AptiQuant Psychometric Consulting Co. on July 26, 2011, that claimed to have correlated the IQs of 100,000 internet users with which web browsers they used.Rachel Metea. [http://www.depauliaonline.com/mobile/blogs/slick-city-world-wild/hey-babe-what-s-your-browser-1.2540001 "Hey Babe, What's Your Browser?".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327110612/http://www.depauliaonline.com/mobile/blogs/slick-city-world-wild/hey-babe-what-s-your-browser-1.2540001 |date=March 27, 2012 }} The DePaulia.Janet I. Tu. [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/microsoftpri0/2015812565_study_claiming_internet_explorer_users_have_lower.html "Study claiming Internet Explorer users have lower IQs? Bogus."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922105207/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/microsoftpri0/2015812565_study_claiming_internet_explorer_users_have_lower.html |date=September 22, 2011 }} The Seattle Times, March 8, 2011. Its claims that users of Microsoft's Internet Explorer had lower IQs than users of other browsers was widely covered in the media, and its revelation as a hoax was widely cited as an example of the weaknesses of the media.Craig Silverman. [https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/article/1035257--newsmangled-fake-study-of-web-surfers-intelligence-proves-media-not-so-smart "Newsmangled: Fake study of web surfers intelligence proves media not so smart".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024215802/http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/article/1035257--newsmangled-fake-study-of-web-surfers-intelligence-proves-media-not-so-smart |date=October 24, 2012 }} Toronto Star, May 8, 2011. The speed with which the story was reported was also alleged by some to be indicative of anti-Microsoft bias.{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Bishop |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2011/guy-users-dumb |title=This is the guy who convinced everyone that IE users are dumb |publisher=Geekwire.com |date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=August 21, 2011 |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806090916/http://www.geekwire.com/2011/guy-users-dumb |url-status=live }}
The hoax was arranged by Tarandeep Gill, a web developer from Vancouver, British Columbia.Paul Sawers. [https://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2011/08/03/exclusive-the-internet-explorer-iq-hoaxer-talks-to-the-next-web/ "The ‘Internet Explorer IQ’ hoaxer talks to The Next Web".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125064757/http://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2011/08/03/exclusive-the-internet-explorer-iq-hoaxer-talks-to-the-next-web/ |date=November 25, 2016 }} The Next Web, March 8, 2011. He claimed it was to raise awareness of the outdated nature of earlier versions of Internet Explorer that still have significant market share.[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/why-a-web-developer-orchestrated-the-ie-users-are-dumb-study-hoax-2331642.html "Why a web developer orchestrated the "IE users are dumb" study hoax".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060900/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/why-a-web-developer-orchestrated-the-ie-users-are-dumb-study-hoax-2331642.html |date=October 14, 2016 }} The Independent, April 8, 2011.Jonathan Walczak. [http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2011/08/study_showing_internet_explore.php "Anatomy of a Hoax: Study Showing Internet Explorer Users Have Low IQs Was Fake".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913131123/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2011/08/study_showing_internet_explore.php |date=September 13, 2012 }} Seattle Weekly, May 8, 2011.
It came amid a wave of other negative coverage of earlier versions of Internet Explorer.Jabulani Leffall. [http://mcpmag.com/articles/2011/08/01/security-is-a-two-way-street.aspx "Microsoft: Security is a Two-Way Street".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927225337/http://mcpmag.com/articles/2011/08/01/security-is-a-two-way-street.aspx|date=September 27, 2011}} Microsoft Certified Professional Magazine Online, January 8, 2011.
Reported results
| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
| Browser||Average IQ, 2006||Average IQ, 2011 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Internet Explorer 6 | 103 | 83 |
| Internet Explorer 7 | 108 | 88 |
| Internet Explorer 8| | ||
| |92 | ||
| Internet Explorer 9| | ||
| |90 | ||
| Firefox | 104 | 108 |
| Chrome| | ||
| |112 | ||
| Safari | 113 | 114 |
| Internet Explorer with Google Chrome Frame| | ||
| |123 | ||
| Camino| | ||
| |125 | ||
| Opera | 101 | 128 |
The study was presented as measuring how IQ affects choices to adopt new technologies.
Conception
Gill says he got the idea for the hoax about a month prior to its release when working on his website. "IE6 compatibility was being a pain in the ass," he told ReadWriteWeb.John Paul Titlow. [http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/how_the_internet_explorer_iq_study_hoax_spread_and_why.php "Disgruntled Canadian Developer Behind Internet Explorer IQ "Study" Hoax".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072316/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/how_the_internet_explorer_iq_study_hoax_spread_and_why.php |date=September 27, 2011 }} ReadWriteWeb, March 8, 2011.
Release
File:Googletrends IE IQ hoax.png traffic for the terms aptiquant, browser iq and internet explorer iq between July 28 and August 4]]
The report was covered by many news outlets. Initially the discrepancy was explained by that the advanced computer users with high IQs were savvy enough to choose other browsers.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/8674678/Internet-Explorer-users-have-below-average-IQ.html "Internet Explorer users 'have below-average IQ'".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213135440/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/8674678/Internet-Explorer-users-have-below-average-IQ.html |date=December 13, 2017 }} The Telegraph, January 8, 2011.
When the report was first covered by the BBC some readers were skeptical of its authenticity and quickly noted that the domain for the company had only been set up a month prior and that pictures of the company's staff were from the French company Central Test. Central Test began investigating the issue and said it was considering legal action against whoever had used the photos.Doug Gross. [http://articles.cnn.com/2011-08-03/tech/explorer.report.faked_1_apparent-hoax-website-report?_s=PM:TECH "Internet Explorer IQ report was a hoax".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824060933/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-08-03/tech/explorer.report.faked_1_apparent-hoax-website-report?_s=PM:TECH |date=August 24, 2011 }} CNN, March 8, 2011. It was initially suspected that the whole thing was a plot to spread malware; however, the PDF was examined and none was found.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14389430 "Internet Explorer story was bogus".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528063413/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14389430 |date=May 28, 2018 }} BBC, March 8, 2011. As the hoax was uncovered additional problems with the report were raised, the results were noted as improbable and the task of collecting 100,000 users very difficult.Zack Whittaker. [http://www.pcworld.com/article/237160/internet_explorer_iq_story_called_a_hoax.html "Internet Explorer IQ Story Called a Hoax".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002033544/http://www.pcworld.com/article/237160/internet_explorer_iq_story_called_a_hoax.html |date=October 2, 2011 }} PCWorld, March 8, 2011. The address given on the website was looked up using Google Street View and it turned out to be just a parking lot.Tom Brewster. [http://www.itpro.co.uk/635383/internet-explorer-iq-bashing-was-a-hoax "IT Pro believes that a report claiming Internet Explorer users had lower IQs was in fact a big hoax".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229070517/http://www.itpro.co.uk/635383/internet-explorer-iq-bashing-was-a-hoax |date=December 29, 2011 }} IT Pro, March 8, 2011.
While the story was being covered Gill posed as Leonard Howard, the fabricated owner of AptiQuant, to the media.Lahmeik Stacey. [http://digitaljournal.com/article/309759 "Web browser, IQ study discovered to be hoax".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807043135/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/309759 |date=August 7, 2011 }} Digital Journal, July 31, 2011. He also wrote a blog on the AptiQuant website about how they were being sued by Internet Explorer users[http://technology.iafrica.com/technews/744645.html "IE users are dumb - study".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003232906/http://technology.iafrica.com/technews/744645.html |date=October 3, 2011 }} iAfrica, February 8, 2011.[https://abc7news.com/archive/8285420/ "IE users sue company over browser IQ test".] KGO-TV, February 8, 2011. and that it had been receiving hate mail.[https://lfpress.com/tech/news/2011/08/01/18496436.html "Internet Explorer 6 users criticized in study".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804235830/http://www.lfpress.com/tech/news/2011/08/01/18496436.html |date=August 4, 2016 }} London Free Press, January 8, 2011.
Internet Explorer users acted defensively.Robert X. Cringely. [http://www.infoworld.com/t/cringely/microsoft-and-ie-time-its-personal-168822?page=0,1 "Microsoft and IE: This time it's personal".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003225553/http://www.infoworld.com/t/cringely/microsoft-and-ie-time-its-personal-168822?page=0,1 |date=October 3, 2012 }} ''InfoWorld', March 8, 2011.
Some news outlets criticized the methodology of the study, although without realizing it was a hoax.Machlis Musings. [http://blogs.computerworld.com/18734/what_ie_users_are_dumb_study_really_shows_us "What the 'IE users are dumb' hoax really shows us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924061926/http://blogs.computerworld.com/18734/what_ie_users_are_dumb_study_really_shows_us |date=September 24, 2011 }} Computer World, March 8, 2011. It was even described as "Junk science at its worst".Steve Evans. "Internet Explorer 'low IQ' findings a hoax?". Computer Business Review, August 3, 2011. Some defended the study; for example, The Register wrote, "The methodology of the study appears sound."
Aftermath
The hoax coverage was said by some to be a victory for citizen journalism, as it was readers who first uncovered that it was a hoax.Johnathan Hartwood. [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/82588,news-comment,technology,internet-explorer-low-iq-hoax-fools-journalists "Canadian ‘psychometric testing’ company AptiQuant turns out to be bogus, after readers smell a rat".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113114846/https://www.theweek.co.uk/ |date=January 13, 2022 }} The First Post, March 8, 2011. Wired wrote that "Too often, business analysts and statistics and insider rumors carry a similar currency in journalism. They often add just a thin sheen of detail and a slightly stronger claim to verification. Really, guys, it’s just a color PDF."Tim Carmody. [https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/08/internet-explorer-users-have-lower-iqs-study-is-a-hoax-here-are-some-of-the-red-flags/ "'Internet Explorer Users Have Lower IQs' Study Is a Hoax: Here Are Some of the Red Flags".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501071256/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/08/internet-explorer-users-have-lower-iqs-study-is-a-hoax-here-are-some-of-the-red-flags |date=May 1, 2012 }} WIRED, March 8, 2011.
List of news sources fooled by hoax
- Dino Grandoni, The Atlantic Wire (July 29)Dino Grandoni. [http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2011/07/chart-what-your-web-browser-says-about-your-iq/40594/ "Chart: What Your Web Browser Says About Your IQ".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915024543/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2011/07/chart-what-your-web-browser-says-about-your-iq/40594/ |date=September 15, 2011 }} The Atlantic Wire, July 29, 2011.
- Business Standard (August 2)[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/using-an-old-browser-may-indicate-low-iq-study/444561/ Using an old browser may indicate low IQ: Study "Using an old browser may indicate low IQ: Study".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014111804/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/using-an-old-browser-may-indicate-low-iq-study/444561/ |date=October 14, 2012 }} Business Standard, February 8, 2011.
- Ysolt Usigan, CBS News (August 1)Ysolt Usigan. [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/internet-explorer-users-are-kind-of-stupid-says-study/ "Internet Explorer users "are kind of stupid," says study".] CBS News, January 8, 2011.
- Chris Matyszczyk, CNET (July 29)Chris Matyszczyk. [http://news.cnet.com/8301-17852_3-20085679-71/just-how-stupid-are-ie-users/ "Just how stupid are IE users?".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316115819/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17852_3-20085679-71/just-how-stupid-are-ie-users/ |date=March 16, 2012 }} CNET, July 29, 2011.
- Doug Gross, CNN (July 29)Doug Gross. [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/07/29/internet.explorer.dumb/ "Are Internet Explorer users dumb?".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133324/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/07/29/internet.explorer.dumb/ |date=October 25, 2012 }} CNN, July 29, 2011.
- Mark Huffman, ConsumerAffairs.com (August 1)Mark Huffman. [http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2011/08/survey-internet-explorer-users-less-intelligent.html "Survey: Internet Explorer Users Less Intelligent".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101172023/http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2011/08/survey-internet-explorer-users-less-intelligent.html |date=November 1, 2011 }} ConsumerAffairs.com, 8/1/2011/
- CTV Television Network (July 30)[https://archive.today/20120730190918/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20110730/internet-explorer-users-lower-iq-scores-110730/ "D'oh! Are Internet Explorer users dumb?".] CTV Television Network, July 30, 2011.
- Tim Worstall, Forbes (July 29)Tim Worstall. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2011/07/31/internet-explorer-users-are-stupid/ "Internet Explorer Users Are Stupid".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803155720/http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2011/07/31/internet-explorer-users-are-stupid/ |date=August 3, 2016 }} Forbes, July 29, 2011.
- Adrian Chen, Gawker (August 1)Adrian Chen. [http://gawker.com/5826643/internet-explorer-users-are-objectively-stupid "Internet Explorer Users Are Objectively Stupid".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026125649/http://gawker.com/5826643/internet-explorer-users-are-objectively-stupid |date=October 26, 2011 }} Gawker, January 8, 2011.
- Jason O. Gilbert, The Huffington Post (August 1)[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/01/internet-explorer-users-dumber_n_914903.html "Internet Explorer Users Have Lower IQs Than Users Of Other Browsers, Survey Finds".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227005131/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/01/internet-explorer-users-dumber_n_914903.html |date=December 27, 2011 }} The Huffington Post, January 8, 2011.
- The Independent (July 30)"Internet Explorer users have lower IQs: study". The Independent, July 30, 2011.
- Indian Express (July 31)[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/internet-explorer-users-are-dumb-study/825076/ "Internet Explorer users are dumb: study".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113114849/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/internet-explorer-users-are-dumb-study/ |date=January 13, 2022 }} Indian Express, July 31, 2011.
- Robert X. Cringely, InfoWorld (August 1)Robert X. Cringely. [http://www.infoworld.com/t/cringely/just-how-stupid-are-internet-explorer-users-168610 "Just how stupid are Internet Explorer users?".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103111611/http://www.infoworld.com/t/cringely/just-how-stupid-are-internet-explorer-users-168610 |date=November 3, 2011 }} InfoWorld, January 8, 2011.
- Lawrence Latif, The Inquirer (July 29)Lawrence Latif. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111020235436/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2098053/microsoft-internet-explorer-users-headed "Microsoft Internet Explorer users are thick headed".] The Inquirer, July 29, 2011.
- International Business Times (July 29)[https://archive.today/20130126035858/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/189422/20110729/internet-explorer-microsoft-aptiquant-firefox-iq-test-survey.htm "Internet Explorer Users Not as Smart, Survey Says".] International Business Times, July 29, 2011
- Kevin Fogarty, IT World (August 1)Kevin Fogarty. [http://www.itworld.com/software/188477/did-study-show-ie-users-are-stupid-or-pollsters-who-did-it-are-fools "Did that study show IE users are stupid? Or that the pollsters who did it are fools?".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322012317/http://www.itworld.com/software/188477/did-study-show-ie-users-are-stupid-or-pollsters-who-did-it-are-fools |date=March 22, 2012 }} IT World, January 8, 2011
- KGO-TV (July 29)[https://abc7news.com/archive/8279308/ "IE users not the brightest, says survey".] KGO-TV, July 29, 2011.
- Caroline Crouch. KNXV-TV (August 2)[http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/science_tech/new-study-says-the-web-browser-you-choose-to-use-could-say-a-lot-about-your-iq-WCPO1312308380164 "New study says the web browser you choose to use could say a lot about your IQ".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322003125/http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/science_tech/new-study-says-the-web-browser-you-choose-to-use-could-say-a-lot-about-your-iq-WCPO1312308380164 |date=March 22, 2012 }} KNXV-TV, February 8, 2011.
- Mashable (July 29)Stan Schroeder. [http://mashable.com/2011/07/29/internet-explorer-iq/ "IE Users Have Lower IQ Than Users of Other Web Browsers [STUDY]".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804204039/http://mashable.com/2011/07/29/internet-explorer-iq/ |date=August 4, 2011 }} Mashable, July 29, 2011.
- Muy Interesante (August 2){{cite web|author=Elena Sanz|date=August 2, 2011|title=Dime qué navegador usas y te diré cómo de inteligente eres|url=http://www.muyinteresante.es/tecnologia/articulo/dime-que-navegador-usas-y-te-dire-como-de-inteligente-eres|accessdate=November 26, 2013|website=MuyInteresante.es|language=Spanish|archive-date=November 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121063739/http://www.muyinteresante.es/tecnologia/articulo/dime-que-navegador-usas-y-te-dire-como-de-inteligente-eres|url-status=live}}
- Dan Amira, New York Magazine (July 29)Dan Amira. [http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/07/if_youre_reading_this_on_inter.html "If You’re Reading This On Internet Explorer, You’re Probably Dumb".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009135802/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/07/if_youre_reading_this_on_inter.html |date=October 9, 2011 }} New York Magazine, July 29, 2011.
- Kevin Spak, Newser (July 29)Kevin Spak. [http://www.newser.com/story/124664/study-ie-users-have-lower-iqs.html "Study: IE Users Have Lower IQs".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804170337/http://www.newser.com/story/124664/study-ie-users-have-lower-iqs.html |date=August 4, 2011 }} Newser, July 29, 2011.
- Eyder Peralta. NPR (August 2)Eyder Peralta. [https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/08/03/138924233/study-suggests-internet-explorer-users-are-um-kind-of-slow "Study Suggests Internet Explorer Users Are, Um, Kind Of Slow".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426171409/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/08/03/138924233/study-suggests-internet-explorer-users-are-um-kind-of-slow |date=April 26, 2015 }} NPR, February 8, 2011.
- David Murphy, PC Magazine (July 30){{cite web |last=Murphy |first=David |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389463,00.asp |title=Study: Dumb People Use Internet Explorer | News & Opinion |publisher=PCMag.com |date=July 30, 2011 |accessdate=September 10, 2013 |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830131454/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389463,00.asp |url-status=live }}
- Rik Myslewski, The Register (July 29)Rik Myslewski. [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/29/aptiquant_iq_survey/ "It's official: IE users are dumb as a bag of hammers".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810171607/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/29/aptiquant_iq_survey/ |date=August 10, 2017 }} The Register, July 29, 2010.
- Matt Rosoff, San Francisco Chronicle (July 28)[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/07/28/businessinsider-study-internet-explorer-users-are-dumber-2011-7.DTL "STUDY: Internet Explorer Users Are Dumber (MSFT, GOOG)".] San Francisco Chronicle July 28, 2011.
- Nick Eaton, Seattle Post-Intelligencer (July 29)[http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/2011/07/29/dumb-people-use-internet-explorer-survey-says/ "".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002212105/http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/2011/07/29/dumb-people-use-internet-explorer-survey-says/ |date=October 2, 2011 }} Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 29, 2011.
- Jonathan Walczak, Seattle Weekly (July 29)Jonathan Walczak. [http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2011/07/use_internet_explorer_youre_pr.php "Use Internet Explorer? You're Probably Dumb, Study Says".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004142306/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2011/07/use_internet_explorer_youre_pr.php |date=October 4, 2011 }} Seattle Weekly, July 29, 2011.
- The Daily Telegraph (August 1)[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/8674678/Internet-Explorer-users-have-below-average-IQ.html "Internet Explorer users 'have below-average IQ'".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213135440/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/8674678/Internet-Explorer-users-have-below-average-IQ.html |date=December 13, 2017 }} The Daily Telegraph, January 8, 2011.
- Times of India (July 30)[https://web.archive.org/web/20120923130943/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-30/computing/29832961_1_internet-explorer-ie6-firefox "IE users are dumb: Study".] Times of India, July 30, 2011.
- Douglas Perry, Tom's Hardware (August 2)Douglas Perry. [http://www.tomshardware.com/news/ie-internet-explorer-use-dummies-firefox-chrome-opera-safari,13150.html "A New Study Suggests Internet Explorer is for Dummies".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113114933/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/ie-internet-explorer-use-dummies-firefox-chrome-opera-safari,13150.html |date=January 13, 2022 }} Tom's Hardware, February 8, 2011.
- Sarah Deen, Metro (August 1)Sarah Deen. [http://metro.co.uk/2011/08/01/google-chrome-opera-firefox-users-smarter-than-internet-explorer-users-98806/ "Google Chrome, Opera, Firefox users ‘smarter’ than Internet Explorer users".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103344/http://metro.co.uk/2011/08/01/google-chrome-opera-firefox-users-smarter-than-internet-explorer-users-98806/ |date=December 8, 2015 }} Metro (British newspaper), January 8, 2011.
References
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External links
- [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=1qQC1KbiIv8UnkAY5VvPKDUm0MXi1DWK37-zj6JN54DYG5g8R9iT8ITV8pCz1&hl=en The study]
{{Internet Explorer}}