Intercultural communicative competence in computer-supported collaborative learning

One of the well-known applications of CSCL is tele-collaboration involving the use of the internet or other computer-mediated communication tools by internationally dispersed students in order to foster the development of foreign language linguistic and intercultural competence in communication.Belz, J. (2003). Linguistic perspectives on the development of intercultural competence in telecollaboration. Language Learning & Technology, 7(2), 68–117. With the aid of the technological mediation used in tele-collaborative study, participants on each side of the network have cost-effective access to "Languaculture."

Numerous models and theories of intercultural communication have been proposed, including communication accommodation (Giles, 1973), cultural convergence (Barnett & Kincaid, 1983), identity or face negotiation theory (Ting-Toomey, 1993), and interactive acculturation (Bourhis, Moise, Perreault, & Senecal, 1997). A model of ICC (or IC) widely accepted in foreign language education has been proposed by Byram.Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. This model includes five components, all of which are needed for a student to become an "intercultural speaker":

1. attitudes: curiosity and openness, readiness to suspend disbelief about other cultures and belief about one's own.
2. knowledge: of social group and their products and practices in one's own and in one's interlocutor's country, and one of the general processes of societal and individual interaction.
3. skills of interpreting and relating: ability to interpret a document or event from another culture, to explain it and relate it to documents from one's own.
4. skills of discovery and interaction: ability to acquire new knowledge of a culture and cultural practices and the ability to operate knowledge, attitudes and skills under the constraints of real-time communication and interaction.
5. critical awareness or an evaluative orientation: an ability to evaluate critically and on the basis of explicit criteria perspectives, practices and products in one's own and other cultures and countries.

There are benefits as well as challenges for using CSCL as a means of intercultural communication. Research in the field indicates several advantages, including that it:

• Helps build negotiation strategiesBelz, J. & Muller-Hartmann, A. (2003). Teachers as intercultural learners: Negotiating German-American telecollaboration along the institutional fault line. The Modern Language Journal, 87 (1), 71–89.
• Improves EFL and ESL language skillsLigorio, M. & van Veen, K. (2006). Strategies to build a cross-national virtual world. AACE Journal, 14(2), 103–128.
• Promotes the idea that learning is fun because:
• it's a novel way to communicateLigorio, M. & van Veen, K. (2006). Strategies to build a cross-national virtual world. AACE Journal, 14(2), 103–128.
• students view virtual worlds as places where they can take risks and "try on" different facesLigorio, M. & van Veen, K. (2006). Strategies to build a cross-national virtual world. AACE Journal, 14(2), 103–128.
• Positively impacts the development of intercultural competenceBelz, J. (2003). Linguistic perspectives on the development of intercultural competence in telecollaboration. Language Learning & Technology, 7(2), 68–117.
• Makes face-to-face characteristics (such as age, race, and gender) a non-issueLigorio, M. & van Veen, K. (2006). Strategies to build a cross-national virtual world. AACE Journal, 14(2), 103–128.
• Cultivates a "community of learners" despite physical and cultural distance between learnersVeermans, M. & Cesareni, D. (2005). The nature of the discourse in web-based Collaborative Learning Environments: Case studies from four different countries. Computers & Education, 45(3), 316–336.
• Expands knowledge and understanding of other culturesElola, I. & Oskoz, A. (2009). Blogging: Fostering intercultural competence development in foreign language and study abroad contexts. Foreign Language Annals, 41(3), 454–477.
• This, in turn, fosters cognitive development as participants' new-found awareness of different perspectives increases their flexibility
• Takes advantage of communication media's increased social sensitivity (compared with printed or electronic one-way broadcast mediaRasmussen, T. (1997). Social interaction and the new media: The construction of communicative contexts. Nordicom Review, 2, 63–75. Retrieved from [http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/5_001_012.pdf http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/5_001_012.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612095720/http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/5_001_012.pdf |date=12 June 2011 }}

Despite the potential advantages of using CSCL to overcome the barriers of face-to-face prejudice, develop social skills, and increase cognitive flexibility, simply adding CSCL to a communicative situation does not automatically foster trust nor resolve intercultural issues. In fact, research has indicated that some problems are made worse (or at least more obvious) by moving to a computer-supported medium. This includes that:

• Face-to-face conversations always ebb and flow but in the CSCL world, this ebb and flow can be misinterpreted, depending on the intercultural context, as boredom or even anger.Walther, J. (1997). Group and interpersonal effects in international computer-mediated collaboration. Human Communication Research, 23(3), 342–369. {{doi|10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00400}}
• Even in a synchronous CSCL environment, people are often not as fully engaged because of physical isolation. Consistent and constant clarification of meaning, similar to the interactive process of semantic interoperability in computer systems, is necessary, which is a requirement that prolongs tasks and projects.Rasmussen, T. (1997). Social interaction and the new media: The construction of communicative contexts. Nordicom Review, 2, 63–75. Retrieved from [http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/5_001_012.pdf http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/5_001_012.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612095720/http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/5_001_012.pdf |date=12 June 2011 }}
• CSCL affords many choices among tools: from asynchronous email and discussion boards to synchronous chat and VoIP to visually present web cams and virtual worlds. However, when intercultural differences are considered the tools are less interchangeable and thus tool selection is more constrained.Zaidman, N., Te'eni, D. & Schwartz, D. (2008). Discourse-based technology support for intercultural communication in multinationals. Journal of Communication Management, 12(3), 263–272. {{doi|10.1108/13632540810899434}}
• Misunderstandings, including those which arise from intercultural differences, are not recognised (and cleared up) as quickly in CSCL environments.Walther, J. (1997). Group and interpersonal effects in international computer-mediated collaboration. Human Communication Research, 23(3), 342–369. {{doi|10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00400}}
• Success depends on people feeling part of the group. Unfortunately, bonding and interpersonal ties are more difficult to achieve at a distance, particularly with abstract and lengthy messages, which may be appropriate in some cultures but inappropriate in others.Wegeriff, R. (1998). The social dimensions of asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 2(1), 34–49. Retrieved from [http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v2n1/v2n1_wegerif.asp http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v2n1/v2n1_wegerif.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725120148/http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v2n1/v2n1_wegerif.asp |date=25 July 2009 }}
• Success depends on trust-building, which is difficult to achieve in a computer-mediated environment and may be conducive only to selected intercultural contexts (for example, lack of self-disclosure is viewed as a positive trait in some cultures).Walther, J. (1997). Group and interpersonal effects in international computer-mediated collaboration. Human Communication Research, 23(3), 342–369. {{doi|10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00400}}
• Because cultural preferences for activity, structure, and style vary among cultures the creation of learning events requires careful consideration and additional design time on the part of the instructor.Zaidman, N., Te'eni, D. & Schwartz, D. (2008). Discourse-based technology support for intercultural communication in multinationals. Journal of Communication Management, 12(3), 263–272. {{doi|10.1108/13632540810899434}}]
• Hence, comes the need for developing a critical cross-cultural communicative competence in English as a Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) preservice teachers.Sehlaoui, A. S. (2001). Developing Cross-cultural Communicative Competence in Preservice ESL/EFL Teachers: A Critical Perspective Language, Culture, and Curriculum Journal, Vol. 14(1)
• Without a facilitator to invigorate conversations and engage participants communication is likely to decrease in CSCL environments due to the extra effort and extended timeframe required by the additional layer of intercultural communication.Erickson, T. (2000). Making sense of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC): Conversations as genres, CMC Systems as genre ecologies. In Nunaker, J.F. & Sprague, R. (Eds.), The proceedings of the thirty-third Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science. New York: IEEE Press. Retrieved from [http://www.mediensprache.net/archiv/pubs/2862.pdf http://www.mediensprache.net/archiv/pubs/2862.pdf]

Although there are many benefits to using CSCL, especially in language learning contexts, teachers must approach its adoption with clear goals and objectives. Teachers should select the CSCL medium with careful consideration.Zaidman, N., Te'eni, D. & Schwartz, D. (2008). Discourse-based technology support for intercultural communication in multinationals. Journal of Communication Management, 12(3), 263–272. {{doi|10.1108/13632540810899434}} In fact, tool selection is critical since different media work well for some people and not for others.Walther, J. (1997). Group and interpersonal effects in international computer-mediated collaboration. Human Communication Research, 23(3), 342–369. {{doi|10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00400}} In addition, instructors need to be familiar with concepts of intercultural communication in addition to CSCL.Joia, L. (2002). Analysing a web-based e-commerce learning community: A case study in Brazil. Internet Research, 12(4), 305–317. In terms of its application CSCL is not appropriate for short-term projects,Veermans, M. & Cesareni, D. (2005). The nature of the discourse in web-based Collaborative Learning Environments: Case studies from four different countries. Computers & Education, 45(3), 316–336. and teachers should expect to spend a considerable amount of extra management time in roles such as mediators, monitors, and facilitators.Ligorio, M. & van Veen, K. (2006). Strategies to build a cross-national virtual world. AACE Journal, 14(2), 103–128. Teachers who have little extra time should not implement CSCL.Ligorio, M. & van Veen, K. (2006). Strategies to build a cross-national virtual world. AACE Journal, 14(2), 103–128.

CSCL requires instructional scaffolding to accommodate different levels of foreign language abilityO'Dowd. R. (2005). Negotiating sociocultural and institutional contexts: The case of Spanish-American telecollaboration. Language and Intercultural Communication, 5(1), 40–56. as well as concrete and structured exercises that are built in during the team formation stage.Wegeriff, R. (1998). The social dimensions of asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 2(1), 34–49. Retrieved from [href="http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v2n1/v2n1_wegerif.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725120148/http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v2n1/v2n1_wegerif.asp |date=25 July 2009 }} http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v2n1/v2n1_wegerif.asp ] Teachers may have to provide background information to extend their students' understanding of the target culture while also being unafraid to confront negative stereotypes that their students may possess.O'Dowd. R. (2005). Negotiating sociocultural and institutional contexts: The case of Spanish-American telecollaboration. Language and Intercultural Communication, 5(1), 40–56. Despite these challenges, CSCL may prove to be a superior tool through which teachers can foster greater understanding between their students and members of other cultures.

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Category:Educational psychology