Intermittent water supply

{{Short description|Continuity of water less than 24 hours a day}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}

A piped water supply and distribution system is intermittent when water continuity is for less than 24 hours a day or not on all days of the week.{{Cite journal |last1=Sarisen |first1=Dondu |last2=Koukoravas |first2=Vasilis |last3=Farmani |first3=Raziyeh |last4=Kapelan |first4=Zoran |last5=Memon |first5=Fayyaz Ali |date=2022-12-01 |title=Review of hydraulic modelling approaches for intermittent water supply systems |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article/71/12/1291/92019/Review-of-hydraulic-modelling-approaches-for |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |language=en |volume=71 |issue=12 |pages=1291–1310 |doi=10.2166/aqua.2022.028 |s2cid=253616080 |issn=0003-7214|hdl=10871/132852 |hdl-access=free }} {{Open access}} (Open access){{Sfn|Taylor|2018|p=25, 32}} During this continuity defining factors are water pressure and equity.{{Cite journal |last1=Nishimura |first1=Érica |last2=Roma |first2=Woodrow |date=2018 |title=The lack of standard definition for intermittent water supply system: An overview of definitions used in the literature and by Brazilian Regulatory Agencies |url=http://www.abrh.org.br/SGCv3/index.php?PUB=2&ID=201&SUMARIO=5331 |journal=Revista de Gestão de Água da América Latina |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=9 |doi=10.21168/rega.v15e9|s2cid=194318870 |doi-access=free }} {{Free access}} (Free to read) At least 45 countries have intermittent water supply (IWS) systems.{{Sfn|Kumpel|2013|p=1|ps=. cited to : van den Berg, C. and A. Danilenko (2011). The IBNET Water Supply and Sanitation Performance Blue Book: The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities Databook. Washington, DC: World Bank.}} It is contrasted with a continuous or "24/7" water supply, the service standard.{{Cite book |last1=Laspidou |first1=Chrysi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rktDwAAQBAJ |title=Dealing with the Complex Interrelation of Intermittent Supply and Water Losses |last2=Spyropoulou |first2=Alexandra |last3=Charalambous |first3=Bambos |date=2017 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78040-706-7 |editor-last=Charalambous |editor-first=Bambos |series=Scientific and Technical Report No. 25 |pages=xxv, 1–3 |language=en |chapter=1 |editor-last2=Laspidou |editor-first2=Chrysi |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}} {{Limited access}} (Limited pages accessible, free registration required for complete access.){{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=I. |last2=Billava |first2=N. |last3=Burt |first3=Z. |last4=Colford |first4=J. M. |last5=Ercümen |first5=A. |last6=Jayaramu |first6=K. P. |last7=Kumpel |first7=E. |last8=Nayak |first8=N. |last9=Nelson |first9=K. |last10=Woelfle-Erskine |first10=C. |date=2018 |title=From Intermittent to Continuous Water Supply A Household-level Evaluation of Water System Reforms in Hubli–Dharwad |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qt9t6gq |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=53 |issue=49 |pages=39–48 |issn=0012-9976 |via=eScholarship, University of California}} {{Open access}} (Open access) No system is intentionally designed to be intermittent, but they may become that way because of system overexpansion, leakage and other factors.{{Sfn|Kumpel|2013|ps=. To our knowledge, no systems have been intentionally designed to provide intermittent supply ... the system became limited by excessive leakages and/or unchecked network expansion.|p=7}}{{Cite book |last=McIntosh |first=Arthur C. |date=2014 |title=Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in Southeast Asia. A Guide to Good Practice |url=https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/adb_urban_water_supply_and_sanitation_in_southeast_asia_a_guide_to_good_practice_2014.pdf |publisher=Asian Development Bank |page=37 |publication-place=Philippines |isbn=978-92-9254-555-0 |quote=The primary cause of intermittent water supply is the extension of distribution systems beyond their hydraulic capacity to provide service to more customers.}} {{Free access}} (Free to read) As of 2022, there was no feasible method for modelling IWS, including no computer-aided tools. Contamination issues can be associated with an intermittent water distribution system.{{Cite thesis |title=Planning for intermittent water supply in small gravity-fed distribution systems: Case study in rural Panama |url=https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/498 |publisher=Michigan Technological University |date=2017 |place=Houghton, Michigan |degree=Master of Science in Environmental Engineering |doi=10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/498 |language=en |first=Frank B. |last=Dubasik|doi-access=free }} pp. 3. {{Free access}} (Free to read) Global public health impact includes millions of cases of infections and diarrhea, and 1560 deaths annually.{{Sfn|Taylor|2018|p=24|ps=. cited to {{Cite journal |last1=Bivins |first1=Aaron W. |last2=Sumner |first2=Trent |last3=Kumpel |first3=Emily |last4=Howard |first4=Guy |last5=Cumming |first5=Oliver |last6=Ross |first6=Ian |last7=Nelson |first7=Kara |author7-link=Kara Nelson|last8=Brown |first8=Joe |date=2017 |title=Estimating Infection Risks and the Global Burden of Diarrheal Disease Attributable to Intermittent Water Supply Using QMRA |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b01014 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=13 |pages=7542–7551 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b01014 |pmid=28582618 |bibcode=2017EnST...51.7542B |s2cid=206568606 |issn=0013-936X|hdl=1983/bcbdf2db-44bb-40b6-93e5-a123d10566c4 |hdl-access=free }}}}

A continuous supply is not practical in all situations.{{Cite journal |last1=Vairavamoorthy |first1=Kala |last2=Elango |first2=K. |date=2002 |title=Guidelines for the design and control of intermittent water distribution systems |url=https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Vairavamoorthy-2002-Guidelines.pdf |journal=Waterlines |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=19–21 |doi=10.3362/0262-8104.2002.041 |via=IRCWash}} {{Free access}} (Free to read) In the short term, an IWS may have some benefits.{{Cite web |last=Irving |first=Tyler |date=July 9, 2019 |title=U of T researcher proposes new model to analyze world's 'intermittent' water systems |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-researcher-proposes-new-model-analyze-world-s-intermittent-water-systems |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=University of Toronto News |language=en}} {{Open access}} (Open access) These may include addressing demand with a limited supply in a more economical manner.{{Cite journal |last1=Tong |first1=Yan |last2=Fan |first2=Liangxin |last3=Niu |first3=Haipeng |date=2022 |title=Identification of pathways that lead to continuous or intermittent water supply by conducting a qualitative comparative analysis of rural water utilities in China |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article/71/7/801/89607/Identification-of-pathways-that-lead-to-continuous |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |language=en |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=801–815 |doi=10.2166/aqua.2022.052 |s2cid=250394031 |issn=0003-7214|doi-access=free }} {{Open access}} (Open access) An intermittent supply may be temporary (e.g., when water reserves are low) or permanent (e.g., where the piped system cannot sustain a continuous supply). Associated factors resulting from an intermittent supply include water extraction by users at the same time, resulting in low pressure and a possible higher peak demand.{{Cite journal |last1=Loubser |first1=Carlo |last2=Basson |first2=Suzanne Esther |last3=Jacobs |first3=Heinz Erasmus |date=2020 |title=A conceptual index for benchmarking intermittent water supply in a water distribution system zone |url=https://www.watersa.net/article/view/7873 |journal=Water SA |volume=46 |issue=1 January |pages=12, 15 |doi=10.17159/wsa/2020.v46.i1.7873 |bibcode=2020WatSA..46.7873L |s2cid=213294175 |issn=1816-7950|hdl=10019.1/124436 |hdl-access=free }}