International Coffee Agreement

{{update|reason=approval of the International Coffee Agreement 2022|date=February 2025}}

File:International_coffee_organisation_2017.jpg

The International Coffee Agreement (ICA) is an international commodity agreement between coffee producing countries and consuming countries. First signed in 1962, it was originally aimed at maintaining exporting countries' quotas and keeping coffee prices high and stable in the market, mainly using export quotas to steer the price.{{cite book |last = Bożyk |first = Paweł |title = Globalization and the transformation of foreign economic policy |publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year = 2006 |page = 98 |isbn = 978-0-7546-4638-9 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iuHsIuez5qoC}} The International Coffee Organization, the controlling body of the agreement, represents all major coffee producing countries and most consuming countries.

The current 2007 agreement has 42 exporting members and 7 importing (the European Union represents all its member states as one member).

History

The original agreement was signed in 1962 for a five-year period, and since then there have been six subsequent agreements, ratified in 1968, 1976, 1983, 1994, 2001 and 2007.

=Background=

The precursor to the ICA was the Inter-American Coffee Agreement (IACA) established during the Second World War. The war had created the conditions for a Latin American coffee agreement: European markets were closed off, the price of coffee was in decline and the United States feared that the declining price could drive Latin American countries—especially Brazil—towards Nazi or Communist sympathies.{{harvnb|Fridell|2007|p=122}}

In 1940, the United States agreed to restrict its imports to a quota of 15.9 million bags, and other Latin American countries agreed to restrict their production.{{harvnb|Fridell|2007|pp=122–124}} The agreement had an immediate effect, the price almost doubled by the end of 1941. After the end of the war in 1945 the price of coffee rose continuously{{harvnb|Fridell|2007|p=139}}{{harvnb|Meerhaeghe|1998|p=161}} until 1955–57 when a degree of equilibrium was reached.

Producers sought ways to maintain the price,{{harvnb|Meerhaeghe|1998|p=162}} this led to the first International Coffee Agreement. A target price was set, and export quotas allocated to each producer.{{harvnb|Daviron|Ponte|2005|p=87}} When the indicator price set by the International Coffee Organization (ICO) fell below the target price, quotas were decreased; if it rose above it, quotas were increased. Although the system had its problems, it was successful in raising and stabilizing the price.

The International Coffee Organization was established in 1963 to administer the clauses of the agreement and supervise the mechanisms in place. Until 1986 the Coffee Council, the decision-making body of ICO, approved export quotas.{{cite book |last = Leonard |first = Thomas M. |title = Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 2 |publisher = Taylor & Francis |year = 2006 |page = 840 |isbn = 978-0-415-97663-3 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pWRjGZ9H7hYC}}

=Breakdown of the 1989 agreement=

In 1989, ICO failed to reach an agreement on new export quotas, causing the 1983 ICA to break down.{{citation | year=1993 | title=Commodity Trade and Price Trends, 1989–91 Edition | publisher=World Bank Publications | isbn=978-0-8213-1359-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6K9Y6TKv264C&pg=PR12 | page=xii }} The disagreement was triggered by consumers' change in taste towards milder and higher quality coffee. With the retained quotas from the 1983 agreement, the change increased the value of milder coffee at the expense of more traditional varieties such as robusta. Brazil in particular – the world's most powerful coffee producer – refused to reduce its quotas believing it would lower their market share. The consumers, led by the United States, demanded higher quality coffee and the end of selling coffee to non-members at reduced rates.

The US criticized Brazil for not being willing to accept a reduction of the country's quotas despite falling share of the world market since 1980. Jorio Dauster, head of the state-controlled Brazilian Coffee Institute, described Brazil as an "extremely efficient producer" and believed it could survive without help from ICO.

The 1983 ICA was set to expire on 1 October 1989, but realizing that it would be impossible to enter into a new agreement before the termination date, the Coffee Council (ICO's highest body) effectively decided to suspend the export quotas on 4 July 1989. Without an extended agreement producing countries lost most of their influence on the international market.{{harvnb|Daviron|Ponte|2005|p=88}} ICO's average indicator price for the last five years previous the end of the regime fell from US$1.34 per pound, to US$0.77 per pound for the first five years after.

According to Yves Engler's Canada in Africa,{{page number|date=February 2025}} "no longer worried about the prospect of poor coffee producers turning towards the Soviet Union, the US withdrew its support from the International Coffee Agreement in 1989."

=United States withdrawal=

The United States exited the International Coffee Agreement after a 90-day notification period ending 27 June 2018.{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2022 |title=MEMBERSHIP OF INTERNATIONAL COFFEE AGREEMENTS 1962, 1968, 1976, 1983, 1994, 2001 AND 2007 |url=https://www.ico.org/documents/international%20coffee%20agreements/membership-icas.pdf#page=8 |access-date=March 5, 2022 |website=ico.org |publisher=International Coffee Organization}}

Members

The current 2007 ICA entered into force on 2 February 2011 when it was approved by two-thirds of the exporting and importing signatory governments.{{cite web| url = http://www.ico.org/ica2007.asp| title = 2007| publisher = International Coffee Organization| accessdate = 10 July 2012}} {{As of|2013}}, it has 51 members, of which 44 are exporting members, and 7 importing (the European Union represents all its 28 member states).{{cite web| url= http://www.ico.org/members_e.asp?section=About_Us| title = ICO Members| publisher = International Coffee Organization| accessdate = 22 April 2013}} According to ICO, its members represent 98% of all coffee production and 67% of the consumption.{{cite web |url=http://www.ico.org/mission07_e.asp |title=Mission |publisher=International Coffee Organization |accessdate=2 August 2019}}

;Exporting members (42)

Angola
Benin
BoliviaProvisional application
Brazil
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ivory Coast
Cuba
Ecuador
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
Honduras
India
Indonesia

Jamaica
Kenya
Liberia
Malawi
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Philippines
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Tanzania
Thailand
East Timor
Togo
Uganda
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

;Importing members (7)

Japan
Norway
Russian Federation
Switzerland
Tunisia
United Kingdom
European Union:
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece

European Union (continued):
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden

Notes

References

{{Reflist|3|refs=

{{cite news |title=International Talks Over Coffee Prices at an Impasse |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-01-fi-369-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=1 December 1989 |access-date=19 April 2013}}

{{cite news |title=Brazil coffee chief says too much pessimism over prices |url=https://apnews.com/06de67113d2c21897436045a3ccf5abe |work=Associated Press News|date=21 April 1987 |accessdate=19 April 2013}}

{{cite news |title=Brazil pours more cold water on coffee market |author=David Dishneau |url=https://apnews.com/3f50ac2aa66131159bc2650fa5c8c57f |work=Associated Press News|date=7 October 1989 |accessdate=19 April 2013}}

{{cite news |title=FUTURES/OPTIONS; Coffee Prices Slump Again; Corn and Soybeans Also Off |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/07/business/futures-options-coffee-prices-slump-again-corn-and-soybeans-also-off.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 October 1989 |accessdate=19 April 2013}}

{{cite news |title=Grounds For Fear Brazil's Clout Over Price of Coffee Gives Small Growers The Jitters |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1989-07-21/business/8902220000_1_coffee-futures-prices-coffee-producing-nations-international-coffee-agreement |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=21 July 1989 |accessdate=19 April 2013 |archive-date=30 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630213032/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1989-07-21/business/8902220000_1_coffee-futures-prices-coffee-producing-nations-international-coffee-agreement |url-status=dead }}

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{{Cite book|last1=Daviron|first1=Benoît|last2=Ponte|first2=Stefano|year=2005|title=The coffee paradox: global markets, commodity trade and the elusive promise of development|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-457-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwpAO0J9ojgC}}
{{Cite book|last=Fridell|first=Gavin|year=2007|title=Fair trade coffee: the prospects and pitfalls of market-driven social justice|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9238-0|url=https://archive.org/details/fairtradecoffeep0000frid|url-access=registration}}
{{Cite book|last1=Meerhaeghe|first1=Marcel Alfons Gilbert, van|year=1998|title=International economic institutions|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-8072-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgHyXpi2RFUC}}