International Office of Public Hygiene
{{Short description|Predecessor to the World Health Organization}}
{{Infobox Former International Organization
| native_name = Office International d'Hygiène Publique
| symbol_type = Emblem used by the OIHP, depicting Hygieia
| image_symbol = Hygieia (logo of the Office International d'Hygiene Publique).svg
| symbol_width = 175px
| status = Former international organization
| event_start = Arrangement of Rome
| year_start = 1907
| date_start = 9 December
| event_end = Dissolution
| year_end = 1946
| date_end = 22 July
| s1 = World Health Organization
| flag_s1 = Flag of WHO.svg
| capital =
| common_name = OIHP
| official_languages = French
| admin_center = 195 boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris
| recognized_languages = French
| coordinates = {{coord|48.8548078|2.3252548|type:city_region:FR|format=dms|display=it}}
}}
The International Office of Public Hygiene (OIPH), also known by its French name as the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (OIHP), was an international organization founded 9 December 1907 and based in Paris, France.{{Cite journal |last=Markel |first=H. |date=2014 |title=Worldly approaches to global health: 1851 to the present |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0033350613002655 |journal=Public Health |language=en |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=124–128 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.004|pmid=24412079 }} It merged into the World Health Organization in 1946.{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Charles E. |date=1950 |title=World Health and World Politics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/world-health-and-world-politics/CAEBE56983CED925A36F2DF4E8F1A7AE |journal=International Organization |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=28–30 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300028630 |issn=1531-5088}}{{Citation |last=Beigbeder |first=Yves |title=Chapitre I. Les origines historiques de l'OMS |date=2015-12-14 |url=http://books.openedition.org/iheid/3966 |work=L’Organisation mondiale de la santé |pages=1–7 |series=International |place=Genève |publisher=Graduate Institute Publications |isbn=978-2-940549-29-0 |access-date=2022-09-06}}{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Johnson (author) |title=Extra Life |publisher=Riverhead Books |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-525-53885-1 |edition=1st |pages=57–58 |language=en}}
It is the world's first universal health organization. Member states exchanged information about the presence and spread of disease, as well as provided recommendations for sanitation. The organization helped restructure public health services in Greece and China in the late 1920s.
History
It was created to oversee international rules regarding the quarantining of ships and ports to prevent the spread of plague and cholera, and to administer other public health conventions,{{cite book|last=Iriye|first=Akira|title=Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|date=2002|isbn=0520231279}} leading to engage on other epidemics, and the collection of broader epidemiological data on various diseases, as well as issues such as the control of medicinal opium, cannabis, and other drugs,{{Cite web |last1=Riboulet-Zemouli |first1=Kenzi |last2=Ghehiouèche |first2=Farid |last3=Krawitz |first3=Michael A. |author-link3=Michael Krawitz |year=2022 |title=Cannabis amnesia – Indian hemp parley at the Office International d'Hygiène Publique in 1935 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360540702 |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=authorea.com |type=Preprint |doi=10.22541/au.165237542.24089054/v1|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }} the traumas created by World War I, etc.
The idea to establish an international office for the purpose of acquiring and disseminating information about communicable diseases such as cholera and yellow fever was first proposed in 1903 at the International Sanitary Convention in Paris. The French government assumed the responsibility of drafting a proposal for establishing an organization and the final draft was submitted in August 1907. A following conference was held in Rome on December 3, of that same year, and in attendance were delegates from Belgium, Brazil, British India, Egypt, France, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. After some modifications, all delegates except from Romania, signed the organic statutes on December 9.
November 4, 1908, a committee composed of members from each country that ratified the document met at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris. This would be the blueprint of the body’s permanent form. Its responsibilities were to create the bureau, draw up its regulations, supply its expenses, and direct its first operations.{{Cite journal |last=Grubbs |first=S. B. |date=1909 |title=International Office of Public Hygiene. Its Inauguration at Paris, France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4562416 |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=23–28 |doi=10.2307/4562416 |issn=0094-6214 |jstor=4562416}}
The OIHP was part of the complex structure known as the Health Organization ({{lang|fr|Organisation d'Hygiène}}) of the League of Nations,{{Cite journal|date=1924|title=The International Health Organization Of The League Of Nations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20436330|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=3302|pages=672–675|jstor=20436330 |issn=0007-1447}} in an often-competing, and sometimes collaborative relation with the League of Nations' Health Committee.{{cite book|last=Howard-Jones|first=Norman|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39249|title=International public health between the two world wars : the organizational problems|publisher=World Health Organization|year=1979|isbn=9241560584|location=Geneva|hdl=10665/39249 }}
The OIHP was dissolved by protocols signed 22 July 1946{{Cite web|title=Protocol concerning the Office international d'hygiène publique; New York, 22 July 1946|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IX-2&chapter=9&clang=_en|access-date=2021-10-17|website=treaties.un.org|series=United Nations Treaty Collection|language=EN}} and its epidemiological service was incorporated into the Interim Commission of the World Health Organization on 1 January 1947. However, the OIHP remained in existence legally until 1952.
In 1930, the Permanent committee for the OIHP played a role in addressing an outbreak of plague at various ports along the Mediterranean coast. In response to this outbreak, the committee first requested information regarding antiplague vaccine distribution regarding the type and quantity of vaccines distributed. The office also tasked a commission with developing a serum that could identify various bacterias.Permanent Committee of the International Office of Public Hygiene: Special Session of May, 1931. (1931). Public Health Reports (1896), 46(46), 2726–2739.
File:League of Nations Organization.png as of 1930{{Cite journal| issue = 2| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = Complex structures and international organizations| trans-title = Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni| journal = Memoria e Ricerca| date = 2017| pages = 371–393| url = https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.14647/87204| doi = 10.14647/87204| access-date = 31 October 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020256/https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.14647/87204| archive-date = 7 November 2017| url-status=live| df = dmy-all}}]]
Organisation
The OIHP was managed by a "Permanent Committee" chaired successively by Rocco Santoliquido (1908-1919), Oscar Velghe (1919-1932), George S. Buchanan (1932-1936).{{Cite journal |date=1934-02-01 |title=Sir George Buchanan, C.B |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=133 |issue=3355 |pages=242 |doi=10.1038/133242a0 |bibcode=1934Natur.133Q.242. |s2cid=4071333 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free }}{{Cite web |title=Sir George Seaton Buchanan {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/sir-george-seaton-buchanan |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=International Office of Public Hygiene. Its Inauguration at Paris, France on JSTOR. (n.d.). www.jstor.org. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4562416?seq=4}} Important personalities were taking part in the work of the OIHP such as Camille Barrère.
As of 1933, the OIHP was composed of the following contracting parties:{{Cite book |last=Office international d'Hygiène publique |url=https://www.who.int/library/collections/publique_hygiene_1909_1933.pdf |title=Vingt-cinq ans d'activité de l'Office international d'Hygiène publique (1909-1933) |date=1933 |publisher=Office international d'hygiène publique |location=Paris |language=French |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126084145/https://www.who.int/library/collections/publique_hygiene_1909_1933.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-26 |url-status=dead}}
- {{flag|Argentina}}, 1910
- {{flag|Australia}}, 1909
- 22x22px Belgian Congo, 1927
- {{flag|Belgium}}, 1907
- {{flag|Bolivia}}, 1912
- {{flag|Brazil}}, 1907
- {{flag|UK}} British dominions, 1927
- {{flag|UK}} British India, 1908
- {{flag|Bulgaria}}, 1909
- {{flag|Canada}}, 1910
- {{flag|Chile}}, 1912
- {{flag|Denmark}}, 1913
- {{flag|Netherlands}} (Dutch Indies), 1925
- {{flag|Egypt}}, 1907
- {{flag|France}}, 1907
- 22x22px French Algeria, 1910
- 22x22px French Equatorial Africa, 1929
- 22x22px French Indochina, 1914
- 22x22px French West Africa, 1920
- {{flag|Germany}}, 1928
- {{flag|UK}} (Great Britain), 1907
- {{flag|Greece}}, 1913
- 22x22px Kingdom of Hejaz, 1932
- {{flag|Ireland}} (Irish Free State), 1928
- {{flag|Italy}}, 1907
- {{flag|Japan}}, 1924
- {{flag|Luxembourg}}, 1926
- {{flag|Madagascar}}, 1920
- {{flag|Morocco}}, 1920
- {{flag|Mexico}}, 1909
- {{flag|Monaco}}, 1913
- {{flag|Netherlands}}, 1907
- {{flag|Norway}}, 1912
- {{flag|New Zealand}}, 1924
- {{flag|Peru}}, 1908
- {{flag|Persia}}, 1909
- {{flag|Poland}}, 1920
- {{flag|Portugal}}, 1907
- {{flag|Romania}}, 1921
- {{flag|Sudan}}, 1926
- {{flag|Sweden}}, 1909
- {{flag|Switzerland}}{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
- {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}, 1922
- 22x22px Union of South Africa, 1919
- {{flag|Spain}}, 1907
- 22x22px French protectorate of Tunisia, 1908
- {{flag|Turkey}}, 1911
- {{flag|USA}}, 1907
- {{flag|USSR}}, 1926 (initially accessed as {{flag|Russian Empire}} in 1907)
- {{flag|Uruguay}}, 1913
See also
References
Permanent Committee of the International Office of Public Hygiene: Special Session of May, 1931. (1931). Public Health Reports (1896), 46(46), 2726–2739.{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Office International D'hygiene Publique}}
Category:International medical and health organizations
Category:Organizations based in Paris