Interplanetary dust cloud

File:Artist’s impression of bright exozodiacal light.tif of a view from an exoplanet, with light from an extrasolar interplanetary dust cloud]]

The sources of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) include at least: asteroid collisions, cometary activity and collisions in the inner Solar System, Kuiper belt collisions, and interstellar medium grains (Backman, D., 1997). The origins of the zodiacal cloud have long been subject to one of the most heated controversies in the field of astronomy.

It was believed that IDPs had originated from comets or asteroids whose particles had dispersed throughout the extent of the cloud. However, further observations have suggested that Mars dust storms may be responsible for the zodiacal cloud's formation.{{Cite web |last=Shekhtman |first=Svetlana |date=2021-03-08 |title=Serendipitous Juno Detections Shatter Ideas About Zodiacal Light |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/serendipitous-juno-spacecraft-detections-shatter-ideas-about-origin-of-zodiacal-light |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=NASA |quote=While there is good evidence now that Mars, the dustiest planet we know of, is the source of the zodiacal light, Jørgensen and his colleagues cannot yet explain how the dust could have escaped the grip of Martian gravity.}}

The main physical processes "affecting" (destruction or expulsion mechanisms) interplanetary dust particles are: expulsion by radiation pressure, inward Poynting-Robertson (PR) radiation drag, solar wind pressure (with significant electromagnetic effects), sublimation, mutual collisions, and the dynamical effects of planets (Backman, D., 1997).

The lifetimes of these dust particles are very short compared to the lifetime of the Solar System. If one finds grains around a star that is older than about 10,000,000 years, then the grains must have been from recently released fragments of larger objects, i.e. they cannot be leftover grains from the protoplanetary disk (Backman, private communication).{{citation needed|reason=We can't use private communications. Technically I ought to remove this claim. But I don't want to, because it's very interesting and seems likely to be supported — just someone needs to find an RS.|date=March 2018}} Therefore, the grains would be "later-generation" dust. The zodiacal dust in the Solar System is 99.9% later-generation dust and 0.1% intruding interstellar medium dust. All primordial grains from the Solar System's formation were removed long ago.

Particles which are affected primarily by radiation pressure are known as "beta meteoroids". They are generally less than 1.4 × 10⁻¹² g and are pushed outward from the Sun into interstellar space.{{cite web |title=Micrometeorite Background |work=GENESIS Discovery 5 Mission |publisher=Caltech |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/genesis/DocumentN.html#BeMe |access-date=August 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826132615/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/genesis/DocumentN.html |archive-date=August 26, 2007 }}

File:HL Tau protoplanetary disk.jpg, comparable to images of simulations of the Solar System's interplanetary dust cloud, which has been suggested to be imaged from beyond it in the Outer Solar System.]]

The interplanetary dust cloud has a complex structure (Reach, W., 1997). Apart from a background density, this includes:

• At least 8 dust trails—their source is thought to be short-period comets.
• A number of dust bands, the sources of which are thought to be asteroid families in the main asteroid belt. The three strongest bands arise from the Themis family, the Koronis family, and the Eos family. Other source families include the Maria, Eunomia, and possibly the Vesta and/or Hygiea families (Reach et al. 1996).
• At least 2 resonant dust rings are known (for example, the Earth-resonant dust ring, although every planet in the Solar System is thought to have a resonant ring with a "wake") (Jackson and Zook, 1988, 1992) (Dermott, S.F. et al., 1994, 1997)

File:Venus dust ring.png.]]

Interplanetary dust has been found to form rings of dust in the orbital space of Mercury and Venus. Venus's orbital dust ring is suspected to originate either from yet undetected Venus trailing asteroids,{{cite web | last=Garner | first=Rob | title=What Scientists Found After Sifting Through Dust in the Solar System | website=NASA | date=2019-03-12 | url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/what-scientists-found-after-sifting-through-dust-in-the-solar-system | access-date=2023-01-21}} interplanetary dust migrating in waves from orbital space to orbital space, or from the remains of the Solar System's circumstellar disc, out of which its proto-planetary disc and then itself, the Solar planetary system, formed.{{cite web | last=Rehm | first=Jeremy | title=Parker Solar Probe Captures First Complete View of Venus Orbital Dust Ring | website=JHUAPL | date=2021-04-15 | url=https://www.jhuapl.edu/NewsStory/210415-Parker-Solar-Probe-sees-Venus-dust-ring/ | access-date=2023-01-21}}

In 1951, Fred Whipple predicted that micrometeorites smaller than 100 micrometers in diameter might be decelerated on impact with the Earth's upper atmosphere without melting. The modern era of laboratory study of these particles began with the stratospheric collection flights of Donald E. Brownlee and collaborators in the 1970s using balloons and then U-2 aircraft.

Although some of the particles found were similar to the material in present-day meteorite collections, the nanoporous nature and unequilibrated cosmic-average composition of other particles suggested that they began as fine-grained aggregates of nonvolatile building blocks and cometary ice.{{cite book |last1=Fraundorf |first1=P. |last2=Brownlee |first2=D. E.|author-link2=Donald E. Brownlee |last3=Walker |first3=R. M. |date=1982 |editor-last=Wilkening |editor-first=L. |title=Comets |publisher=University of Arizona Press |orig-date=1st pub. 1986 |pages=383–409 |chapter=Laboratory studies of interplanetary dust |isbn= |name-list-style=amp}} The interplanetary nature of these particles was later verified by noble gas and solar flare track observations.

In that context a program for atmospheric collection and curation of these particles was developed at Johnson Space Center in Texas. This stratospheric micrometeorite collection, along with presolar grains from meteorites, are unique sources of extraterrestrial material (not to mention being small astronomical objects in their own right) available for study in laboratories today.

Spacecraft that have carried dust detectors include Helios, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Ulysses (heliocentric orbit out to the distance of Jupiter), Galileo (Jupiter Orbiter), Cassini (Saturn orbiter), and New Horizons (see Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter).

The Solar interplanetary dust cloud obscures the extragalactic background light, making observations of it from the Inner Solar System very limited.{{cite journal | last1=Brandt | first1=P. C. | last2=Provornikova | first2=E. | last3=Bale | first3=S. D. | last4=Cocoros | first4=A. | last5=DeMajistre | first5=R. | last6=Dialynas | first6=K. | last7=Elliott | first7=H. A. | last8=Eriksson | first8=S. | last9=Fields | first9=B. | last10=Galli | first10=A. | last11=Hill | first11=M. E. | last12=Horanyi | first12=M. | last13=Horbury | first13=T. | last14=Hunziker | first14=S. | last15=Kollmann | first15=P. | last16=Kinnison | first16=J. | last17=Fountain | first17=G. | last18=Krimigis | first18=S. M. | last19=Kurth | first19=W. S. | last20=Linsky | first20=J. | last21=Lisse | first21=C. M. | last22=Mandt | first22=K. E. | last23=Magnes | first23=W. | last24=McNutt | first24=R. L. | last25=Miller | first25=J. | last26=Moebius | first26=E. | last27=Mostafavi | first27=P. | last28=Opher | first28=M. | last29=Paxton | first29=L. | last30=Plaschke | first30=F. | last31=Poppe | first31=A. R. | last32=Roelof | first32=E. C. | last33=Runyon | first33=K. | last34=Redfield | first34=S. | last35=Schwadron | first35=N. | last36=Sterken | first36=V. | last37=Swaczyna | first37=P. | last38=Szalay | first38=J. | last39=Turner | first39=D. | last40=Vannier | first40=H. | last41=Wimmer-Schweingruber | first41=R. | last42=Wurz | first42=P. | last43=Zirnstein | first43=E. J. | title=Future Exploration of the Outer Heliosphere and Very Local Interstellar Medium by Interstellar Probe | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=219 | issue=2 | date=2023 | issn=0038-6308 | pmid=36874191 | pmc=9974711 | doi=10.1007/s11214-022-00943-x | page=18| bibcode=2023SSRv..219...18B }}

Collections of review articles on various aspects of interplanetary dust and related fields appeared in the following books:

In 1978 Tony McDonnell edited the book Cosmic Dust{{cite book |last1=McDonnel |first1=J.A.M. |title=Cosmic Dust |date=1978 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Chichester, New York |isbn=0-471-99512-6 |pages=607–670 |bibcode=1978codu.book..607F |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978codu.book..607F/abstract |access-date=22 January 2022}} which contained chapters{{cite book |title=Cosmic Dust |year=1978 |bibcode=1978codu.book.....M |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978codu.book.....M/abstract |access-date=5 February 2022|last1=McDonnell |first1=J. A. M. }} on comets along with zodiacal light as indicator of interplanetary dust, meteors, interstellar dust, microparticle studies by sampling techniques, and microparticle studies by space instrumentation. Attention is also given to lunar and planetary impact erosion, aspects of particle dynamics, and acceleration techniques and high-velocity impact processes employed for the laboratory simulation of effects produced by micrometeoroids.

2001 Eberhard Grün, Bo Gustafson, Stan Dermott, and Hugo Fechtig published the book Interplanetary Dust.{{cite book |last1=Grün |first1=E. |last2=Gustafson |first2=B.A.S. |last3=Dermott |first3=S. |last4=Fechtig |first4=H. |title=Interplanetary Dust |date=2001 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |bibcode=2001indu.book.....G |isbn=978-3-540-42067-5 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001indu.book.....G/abstract |access-date=5 February 2022}} Topics covered{{cite book |title=Interplanetary Dust |series=Astronomy and Astrophysics Library |year=2001 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-56428-4 |isbn=978-3-642-62647-0 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-56428-4 |access-date=5 February 2022}} are: historical perspectives; cometary dust; near-Earth environment; meteoroids and meteors; properties of interplanetary dust, information from collected samples; in situ measurements of cosmic dust; numerical modeling of the Zodiacal Cloud structure; synthesis of observations; instrumentation; physical processes; optical properties of interplanetary dust; orbital evolution of interplanetary dust; circumplanetary dust, observations and simple physics; interstellar dust and circumstellar dust disks.

2019 Rafael Rodrigo, Jürgen Blum, Hsiang-Wen Hsu, Detlef V. Koschny, Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd, Jesús Martín-Pintado, Veerle J. Sterken, and Andrew Westphal collected reviews in the book Cosmic Dust from the Laboratory to the Stars.{{cite book|editor-first1=Rafael|editor-last1=Rodrigo|editor-first2=Jürgen|editor-last2=Blum|editor-first3=Hsiang-Wen|editor-last3=Hsu|editor-first4=Detlef V.|editor-last4=Koschny|editor-first5=Anny-Chantal|editor-last5=Levasseur-Regourd|editor5-link=Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd|editor-first6=Jesús|editor-last6=Martín-Pintado|editor-first7=Veerle J.|editor-last7=Sterken|editor-first8=Andrew|editor-last8=Westphal|title=Cosmic Dust from the Laboratory to the Stars |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |isbn=978-94-024-2009-8 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/9789402420098 |access-date=5 February 2022}} Included are discussions{{cite web |title=Cosmic Dust from the Laboratory to the Stars |url=https://link.springer.com/journal/11214/topicalCollection/AC_388b45501ebfaaf19d4501747d1f2fc7 |access-date=5 February 2022}} of dust in various environments: from planetary atmospheres and airless bodies over interplanetary dust, meteoroids, comet dust and emissions from active moons to interstellar dust and protoplanetary disks. Diverse research techniques and results, including in-situ measurement, remote observation, laboratory experiments and modelling, and analysis of returned samples are discussed.

• Circumstellar disk
• Cosmic dust
• Interplanetary medium
• Martian soil
• Dust storms on Mars
• Micrometeoroid
• Exozodiacal dust
• Zodiacal light

{{reflist|refs=

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}}

• {{cite journal |author1=Jackson A.A. |author2=Zook, H.A. |s2cid=4351090 | title=A Solar System Dust Ring with the Earth as its Shepherd | journal=Nature| date=1988 | volume=337 | pages= 629–631 | doi=10.1038/337629a0 | issue=6208|bibcode = 1989Natur.337..629J |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233077 }}
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• {{cite book |last1=May |first1= Brian Harold|author-link1=Brian May |title= A Survey of Radial Velocities in the Zodiacal Dust Cloud|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/handle/10044/1/1333 |format= PhD thesis |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |location= New York |hdl= 10044/1/1333|isbn= 978-0-387-77705-4}}
• {{cite conference | author=Backman, Dana | title=Exozody Workshop, NASA-Ames, October 23–25, 1997 | book-title=Extrasolar Zodiacal Emission - NASA Study Panel Report | date=1997 }}
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• {{cite journal | author=Dermott, S.F. |author2=Jayaraman, S. |author3=Xu, Y.L. |author4=Gustafson, A.A.S. |author5=Liou, J.C. | s2cid=4345910 | title=A circumsolar ring of asteroid dust in resonant lock with the Earth | journal=Nature| date=June 30, 1994 | volume=369 | pages=719–23 | doi = 10.1038/369719a0 |bibcode = 1994Natur.369..719D | issue=6483 }}
• {{cite conference | author=Dermott, S.F. | title=Signatures of Planets in Zodiacal Light | book-title=Extrasolar Zodiacal Emission - NASA Study Panel Report | date=1997 }}
• {{cite conference | author=Levasseur-Regourd, A.C.|author-link=Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd | title=Optical and Thermal Properties of Zodiacal Dust | book-title=Physics, Chemistry and Dynamics of Interplanetary Dust, ASP Conference series, Vol 104 | date=1996 | pages=301–}}
• {{cite conference | author=Reach, W. | title=General Structure of the Zodiacal Dust Cloud | book-title=Extrasolar Zodiacal Emission - NASA Study Panel Report | date=1997 }}
• {{cite journal |author1=Reach, W.T. |author2=Franz, B.A. |author3=Weiland, J.L. | title=The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Zodiacal Dust Bands | journal=Icarus| date=1997 | volume=127 | pages=461–484 | doi=10.1006/icar.1997.5704 | bibcode=1997Icar..127..461R | issue=2}}

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Category:Cosmic dust

Category:Solar System

Category:Planetary science

Category:Outer space