Intracluster medium

The ICM is composed primarily of ordinary baryons, mainly ionised hydrogen and helium.{{Cite book|title=Galaxies in the Universe|last1=Sparke|first1=L. S.|author1-link=Linda Sparke|last2=Gallagher|first2=J. S. III|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-67186-6}} This plasma is enriched with heavier elements, including iron. The average amount of heavier elements relative to hydrogen, known as metallicity in astronomy, ranges from a third to a half of the value in the sun.{{Cite journal|last1=Mantz|first1=Adam B.|last2=Allen|first2=Steven W.|last3=Morris|first3=R. Glenn|last4=Simionescu|first4=Aurora|last5=Urban|first5=Ondrej|last6=Werner|first6=Norbert|last7=Zhuravleva|first7=Irina|date=December 2017|title=The Metallicity of the Intracluster Medium Over Cosmic Time: Further Evidence for Early Enrichment|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=472|issue=3|pages=2877–2888|doi=10.1093/mnras/stx2200|doi-access=free |issn=0035-8711|arxiv=1706.01476|bibcode=2017MNRAS.472.2877M}} Studying the chemical composition of the ICMs as a function of radius has shown that cores of the galaxy clusters are more metal-rich than at larger radii. In some clusters (e.g. the Centaurus cluster) the metallicity of the gas can rise to above that of the sun.{{Cite journal|last1=Sanders|first1=J. S.|last2=Fabian|first2=A. C.|last3=Taylor|first3=G. B.|last4=Russell|first4=H. R.|last5=Blundell|first5=K. M.|last6=Canning|first6=R. E. A.|last7=Hlavacek-Larrondo|first7=J.|last8=Walker|first8=S. A.|last9=Grimes|first9=C. K.|date=2016-03-21|title=A very deep Chandra view of metals, sloshing and feedback in the Centaurus cluster of galaxies|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=457|issue=1|pages=82–109|doi=10.1093/mnras/stv2972|doi-access=free |issn=0035-8711|bibcode=2016MNRAS.457...82S|arxiv = 1601.01489 }} Due to the gravitational field of clusters, metal-enriched gas ejected from supernova remains gravitationally bound to the cluster as part of the ICM. By looking at varying redshift, which corresponds to looking at different epochs of the evolution of the Universe, the ICM can provide a history record of element production in a galaxy.Loewenstein, Michael. Chemical Composition of the Intracluster Medium, Carnegie Observatories Centennial Symposia, p.422, 2004.

Roughly 15% of a galaxy cluster's mass resides in the ICM. The stars and galaxies contribute only around 5% to the total mass. It is theorized that most of the mass in a galaxy cluster consists of dark matter and not baryonic matter. For the Virgo Cluster, the ICM contains roughly 3 × 10¹⁴ M_☉ while the total mass of the cluster is estimated to be 1.2 × 10¹⁵ M_☉.{{Cite journal|last1=Fouque|first1=Pascal|last2=Solanes|first2=Jose M.|last3=Sanchis|first3=Teresa|last4=Balkowski|first4=Chantal|date=2001-09-01|title=Structure, mass and distance of the Virgo cluster from a Tolman-Bondi model|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=375|issue=3|pages=770–780|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010833|issn=0004-6361|arxiv=astro-ph/0106261|bibcode=2001A&A...375..770F|s2cid=10468717}}

Although the ICM on the whole contains the bulk of a cluster's baryons, it is not very dense, with typical values of 10⁻³ particles per cubic centimeter. The mean free path of the particles is roughly 10¹⁶ m, or about one lightyear. The density of the ICM rises towards the centre of the cluster with a relatively strong peak. In addition, the temperature of the ICM typically drops to 1/2 or 1/3 of the outer value in the central regions. Once the density of the plasma reaches a critical value, enough interactions between the ions ensures cooling via X-ray radiation.{{Cite journal|last1=Peterson|first1=J. R.|last2=Fabian|first2=A. C.|year=2006|title=X-ray spectroscopy of cooling clusters|journal=Physics Reports|volume=427|issue=1|pages=1–39|doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2005.12.007|bibcode=2006PhR...427....1P|arxiv = astro-ph/0512549 |s2cid=11711221}}

As the ICM is at such high temperatures, it emits X-ray radiation, mainly by the bremsstrahlung process and X-ray emission lines from the heavy elements. These X-rays can be observed using an X-ray telescope and through analysis of this data, it is possible to determine the physical conditions, including the temperature, density, and metallicity of the plasma.

Measurements of the temperature and density profiles in galaxy clusters allow for a determination of the mass distribution profile of the ICM through hydrostatic equilibrium modeling. The mass distributions determined from these methods reveal masses that far exceed the luminous mass seen and are thus a strong indication of dark matter in galaxy clusters.{{Cite journal|last1=Kotov|first1=O.|last2=Vikhlinin|first2=A.|year=2006|title=Chandra Sample of Galaxy Clusters at z = 0.4–0.55: Evolution in the Mass-Temperature Relation|url=http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/641/i=2/a=752|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=641|issue=2|pages=752–755|doi=10.1086/500553|issn=0004-637X|bibcode=2006ApJ...641..752K|arxiv = astro-ph/0511044 |s2cid=119325925}}

Inverse Compton scattering of low energy photons through interactions with the relativistic electrons in the ICM cause distortions in the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), known as the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect. These temperature distortions in the CMB can be used by telescopes such as the South Pole Telescope to detect dense clusters of galaxies at high redshifts.{{Cite journal|last1=Staniszewski|first1=Z.|last2=Ade|first2=P. A. R.|last3=Aird|first3=K. A.|last4=Benson|first4=B. A.|last5=Bleem|first5=L. E.|last6=Carlstrom|first6=J. E.|last7=Chang|first7=C. L.|last8=H.-M. Cho|last9=Crawford|first9=T. M.|year=2009|title=Galaxy Clusters Discovered with a Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Survey|url=http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/701/i=1/a=32|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=701|issue=1|pages=32–41|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/32|issn=0004-637X|bibcode=2009ApJ...701...32S|arxiv = 0810.1578 |s2cid=14817925}}

In December 2022, the James Webb Space Telescope is reported to be studying the faint light emitted in the intracluster medium.{{cite news |last=Lea |first=Robert |title=James Webb Space Telescope peers into the 'ghostly light' of interstellar space - The faint light emitted by 'orphan' stars that exist between the galaxies in galactic clusters is featured in the first deep field image produced by the space telescope. |url=https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-ghostly-light-between-galaxies |date=9 December 2022 |work=Space.com |accessdate=10 December 2022 }} Which a 2018 study found to be an "accurate luminous tracer of dark matter".{{cite news |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/482/2/2838/5142870 |title=Intracluster light: a luminous tracer for dark matter in clusters of galaxies |last1=Montes |first1=Mireia |last2=Trujillo |first2=Ignacio |date=23 October 2018 |website=academic.oup.com |publisher=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |accessdate=11 January 2023}}

Plasma in regions of the cluster, with a cooling time shorter than the age of the system, should be cooling due to strong X-ray radiation where emission is proportional to the density squared. Since the density of the ICM is highest towards the center of the cluster, the radiative cooling time drops a significant amount.{{Cite journal|last=Fabian|first=A. C.|date=2003-06-01|title=Cluster cores and cooling flows|journal=Galaxy Evolution: Theory & Observations (Eds. Vladimir Avila-Reese|bibcode=2003RMxAC..17..303F|volume=17|pages=303–313|arxiv = astro-ph/0210150 }} The central cooled gas can no longer support the weight of the external hot gas and the pressure gradient drives what is known as a cooling flow where the hot gas from the external regions flows slowly towards the center of the cluster. This inflow would result in regions of cold gas and thus regions of new star formation.{{Cite journal|last=Fabian|first=A. C.|date=1994-01-01|title=Cooling Flows in Clusters of Galaxies|bibcode=1994ARA&A..32..277F|journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=32|pages=277–318|doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.001425|issn=0066-4146|arxiv=astro-ph/0201386|citeseerx=10.1.1.255.3254}} Recently however, with the launch of new X-ray telescopes such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory, images of galaxy clusters with better spatial resolution have been taken. These new images do not indicate signs of new star formation on the order of what was historically predicted, motivating research into the mechanisms that would prevent the central ICM from cooling.

File:NASA-PerseusGalaxyCluster-ChandraXRayObservatory-20140624.jpg image of the Perseus Cluster's radio lobes. These relativistic jets of plasma emit radio waves, are X-ray "cold", and appear as dark patches in stark contrast to the rest of the ICM. ]]

There are two popular explanations of the mechanisms that prevent the central ICM from cooling: feedback from active galactic nuclei through injection of relativistic jets of plasma{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=H.-Y. Karen|last2=Reynolds|first2=Christopher S.|date=2016-01-01|title=How AGN Jets Heat the Intracluster Medium—Insights from Hydrodynamic Simulations|url=http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/829/i=2/a=90|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=829|issue=2|pages=90|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/829/2/90|issn=0004-637X|bibcode=2016ApJ...829...90Y|arxiv = 1605.01725 |s2cid=55081632 |doi-access=free }} and sloshing of the ICM plasma during mergers with subclusters.{{cite conference|last1=ZuHone|first1=J. A.|last2=Markevitch|first2=M.|date=2009-01-01|title=Cluster Core Heating from Merging Subclusters|conference=The Monster's Fiery Breath: Feedback in Galaxies|volume=1201|arxiv=0909.0560|pages=383–386|doi=10.1063/1.3293082|series=AIP Conference Proceedings|bibcode=2009AIPC.1201..383Z|citeseerx=10.1.1.246.2787|s2cid=119287922}}{{Cite book|title=Lighthouses of the Universe: The Most Luminous Celestial Objects and Their Use for Cosmology|last=Fabian|first=Andrew C.|publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg|pages=24–36|doi=10.1007/10856495_3|arxiv = astro-ph/0201386 |chapter = Cooling Flows in Clusters of Galaxies|series = Eso Astrophysics Symposia|year = 2002|isbn = 978-3-540-43769-7|citeseerx = 10.1.1.255.3254|s2cid=118831315}} The relativistic jets of material from active galactic nuclei can be seen in images taken by telescopes with high angular resolution such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

• Interstellar medium

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Category:Large-scale structure of the cosmos

Category:Extragalactic astronomy

Category:Outer space

Category:Space plasmas

Category:Intergalactic media