Inveresk Roman Fort

The fort covered an area of 6.6 acres (2.7 ha), placing it at the larger end of the spectrum of fort sizes.Duncan B. Campbell, Roman Auxiliary Forts 27 BC-AD 378 (Oxford: Osprey, 2009), pp. 28-32, on the sizes of auxiliary forts. For this reason, the original excavator, Ian Richmond, believed that a cavalry regiment had been stationed here. In 2007 a Roman tombstone was found at nearby Carberry depicting a Roman Governor's guard cavalry trooper named "Crescens" who was perhaps residing at the fort when he died.{{cite journal|last=Tomlin|first=R.S.O.|title=Roman Britain in 2007. III. Inscriptions|journal=Britannia|volume=39|pages=369–390|year=2008|doi=10.3815/006811308785916908|s2cid=231739599 }} Inscription no. 5, pp. 372-4 and fig. 5.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7066539.stm | work=BBC News | title=Roman tombstone found at Inveresk | date=29 October 2007}}

All of the datable artefacts point to Antonine occupation.e.g. J.P. Gillam's report on "The Coarse Pottery", in Richmond, op. cit., pp. 300-302, concluding that "taken as a whole, the group [of pottery] is early Antonine; ... there are no Flavian pieces"; cf. Grace Simpson, "The Decorated Samian Pottery", in Richmond, op. cit., pp. 302-303, dating the three available sherds to "c AD 138-165". Consequently, the fort is thought to have been established in the immediate aftermath of the invasion of Scotland launched by the emperor Antoninus Pius in AD 139/140. Two clear phases of occupation were identified archaeologically, perhaps occasioned by a change of garrison during the Antonine period. The fort will have been abandoned, along with the other Scottish sites, around AD 160, when Hadrian's Wall was recommissioned.

A substantial civil settlement (vicus) lay outside the east rampart of the fort, and included a curving structure thought to be an amphitheatre.T. Neighbour, "Excavations on the 'amphitheatre' and other areas east of Inveresk fort", in: M.C. Bishop (ed.), Roman Inveresk: Past, Present and Future (Duns: The Armatura Press, 2002), pp. 41-51.

Several seasons of excavation since 1946, both major and minor, have established the outline of the fort and recovered some of the interior detail.{{cite journal|last=Richmond|first=Ian A.|year=1980|title=A Roman fort at Inveresk, Midlothian|url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_110/110_286_304.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|volume=110|pages=286–304}}{{cite book|last=Leslie|first=A.|title=Roman Inveresk: Past, Present and Future|publisher=The Armatura Press|year=2002|editor=Bishop, M. C.|location=Duns|pages=17–28|chapter=The Roman fort at Inveresk}}

Excavations in 2004 by Headland Archaeology as part of work to renew the water mains in the village, found Roman artefacts and possible a boundary ditch and evidence of the vicus.{{Cite web|title=Vol 30 (2009): Archaeological monitoring in the streets of Musselburgh: recent discoveries {{!}} Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports|url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/sair/issue/view/51|access-date=2021-08-12|website=journals.socantscot.org}}

In 2010, CFA Archaeology undertook excavations, as part of a planning condition in advance of the construction of the Musselburgh Primary Health Care Centre, on an area 50m to the north and down slope of the fort. Those excavations reveled a Mesolithic stone tool scatter and Iron Age burials that pre-dated the fort. Those burials were date to 50 BC – AD 130, just before the fort was built. Isotope analysis showed that the individuals were all local to the Musselburgh area.{{Cite web|title=Vol 89 (2020): Excavations at Musselburgh Primary Health Care Centre: Iron Age and Roman discoveries to the north of Inveresk Roman Fort, East Lothian {{!}} Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports|url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/sair/issue/view/301|access-date=2021-09-08|website=journals.socantscot.org}}

The archaeologists found Roman remains, including six Roman human burials (four of which had been decapitated) and one horse burial. They also found evidence that a Roman fortlet was constructed and that at some point a Roman field system was put in place to grow food, possibly for the fort. The area was also used as a midden for the fort and a significant number discarded personal belongings of the fort occupants were recovered. This included samian bowls with personal names scratched on the bases. These names plus the isotope analysis of the human skeletons, shows those living in the fort was came from multiple ethnic origins. The names indicates there may have been a group of soldiers from Thrace at the fort. The high number of horse equipment recovered led the archaeologists to believe that the theory that a cavalry unit was stationed there at some point is likely true.

The fort's Roman name remains unknown, although it has been suggested that Ptolemy's Κούρια (Curia or Coria), located in the lands of the Votadini,Ptol., Geog. II, 3, 7; also found in the Ravenna Cosmography (107.41) as CORITIOTAR, which is thought to be a corruption of Coria Votad(inorum) should be identified with Inveresk, "the name being transferred from a native meeting-place which it controlled (in this case perhaps Arthur's Seat, 4 miles to the west)".A.L.F. Rivet & Colin Smith, The Place-names of Roman Britain (London: B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1979), p. 320, s.v. CORIA of the Votadini It may also have been called "Evidensca" according to the Ravenna Cosmography.{{Cite web |url=http://www.romanmap.com/htm/ravcosm/rc159-189.htm |title=Rc159-189 |access-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715202726/http://www.romanmap.com/htm/ravcosm/rc159-189.htm |archive-date=2011-07-15 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.romanmap.com/htm/nomina/Eiudens.htm |title=Eiudens |access-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806161959/http://www.romanmap.com/htm/nomina/Eiudens.htm |archive-date=2011-08-06 |url-status=dead }}

File:Samian bowl from Inveresk - Museum of Scotland.jpg

{{Reflist}}

• M.C. Bishop (ed.), Roman Inveresk: Past, Present and Future (Duns: The Armatura Press, 2002)

{{Scotland during the Roman Empire}}

Category:Archaeological sites in East Lothian

Category:Musselburgh

Category:Scheduled monuments in East Lothian

Category:Roman auxiliary forts in Scotland