Invertebrate iridescent virus 31

In earlier centuries, blue individuals of otherwise drab oniscidean species had been discovered. They were sometimes interpreted to be new subspecies and were described as such: Ligidium hypnorum coeruleum Lereboullet 1843 and L. hypnorum amethystinum Schöbl 1861 (in reference to cerulean and amethyst, respectively). In 1980, the first research was published showing that the phenomenon of blue oniscideans is in fact a disease caused by an iridovirus. The aforementioned 'subspecies' have since been reinterpreted, not as distinct taxonomic entities, but as historical findings of individuals infected with this isopod iridovirus.{{Cite journal|last1=Poinar|first1=George O.|last2=Hess|first2=Roberta T.|last3=Stock|first3=Jan H.|date=1985-01-01|title=Occurrence of the Isopod Iridovirus in European Armadillidium and Porcellio (Crustacea, Isopoda)|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/btd/55/2/article-p280_7.xml|journal=Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde|language=nl|volume=55|issue=2|pages=280–282|doi=10.1163/26660644-05502007|issn=0067-8546|doi-access=free}}

In 2014, the 220-kilobase genome sequence of this virus was published. Then in 2018 (as part of the 2018b taxonomy release), it was formally accepted as a species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, named Invertebrate iridescent virus 31 and placed in the genus Iridovirus alongside the mosquito-hosted species Invertebrate iridescent virus 6.

IIV-31 infects members of the suborder Oniscidea. In particular, it has been reported in the scientific literature from the following families and species:

• Armadillidiidae (Armadillidium vulgare, A. decorum)
• Cylisticidae (Cylisticus convexus)
• Ligiidae (Ligidium hypnorum, L. koreanum)
• Oniscidae (Oniscus asellus)
• Philosciidae (Burmoniscus kathmandia, Philoscia affinis, P. muscorum)
• Platyarthridae (Niambia capensis)
• Porcellionidae (Porcellio dilatatus, P. laevis, P. siculoccidentalis, P. spinicornis, P. scaber, Porcellionides pruinosus)
• Trachelipodidae (Trachelipus rathkii)
• Trichoniscidae (Androniscus dentiger, Haplophthalmus danicus, H. mengii, Hyloniscus riparius, Trichoniscoides albidus, T. helveticus, Trichoniscus panormidensis, T. pusillus){{Cite journal|vauthors=Lupetti P, Montesanto G, Ciolfi S, Marri L, Gentile M, Paccagnini E, Lombardo BM|date=2013|title=Iridovirus infection in terrestrial isopods from Sicily (Italy)|journal=Tissue and Cell|volume=45|issue=5 |pages=321–327 |doi=10.1016/j.tice.2013.05.001|pmid=23756498 }}{{Cite journal|vauthors=Karasawa S, Takatsuka J, Kato J|date=2012|title=Report on Iridovirus IIV-31 (Iridoviridae, Iridovirus) infecting terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) in Japan|journal=Crustaceana|volume=85|issue=10 |pages=1269–1278|doi=10.1163/15685403-00003116}}

This virus has a wide geographic distribution. In particular, it has been reported in the scientific literature from:

• Asia (Japan, Turkey)
• Europe (former Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, United Kingdom)
• North America (United States)
• Oceania (Australia){{Cite journal|last1=Lupetti|first1=Pietro|last2=Montesanto|first2=Giuseppe|last3=Ciolfi|first3=Silvia|last4=Marri|first4=Laura|last5=Gentile|first5=Mariangela|last6=Paccagnini|first6=Eugenio|last7=Lombardo|first7=Bianca Maria|title=Iridovirus infection in terrestrial isopods from Sicily (Italy)|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23756498/|journal=Tissue & Cell|year=2013 |volume=45|issue=5|pages=321–327|doi=10.1016/j.tice.2013.05.001|issn=1532-3072|pmid=23756498}}{{Cite journal|last=Douch JK, Poupa AM|date=July 2021|title=Citizen science data opens multiple avenues for iridovirus research and prompts first detection of Invertebrate iridescent virus 31 in Australia|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022201121000860|journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology|volume=183 |page=107619 |doi=10.1016/j.jip.2021.107619|pmid=34004165 |s2cid=234782794 }}

File:Early Cretaceous Myanmar amber isopod-09.jpg

{{See also|Paleovirology}}

An oniscidean fossilised in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber was found that features iridescent blue patches. George Poinar Jr., an entomologist and palaeontologist studying this fossil, tentatively suggested that the colouration may represent an ancient case of IIV-31.{{Cite journal|last=Poinar Jr. G|date=2014|title=Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils|journal=Advances in Biology|volume=2014|pages=1–29 |doi=10.1155/2014/181353|doi-access=free}}

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• [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/528141-Invertebrate-iridescent-virus-31 iNaturalist] – citizen science observations of Invertebrate iridescent virus 31

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Category:Iridoviridae