Inverted cross

File:Peter's Cross.svg

The inverted cross, also known as the upside-down cross, is a symbol that has been used in both Christian and anti-Christian contexts. Historically, it is most commonly associated with Saint Peter, who, according to tradition, was crucified upside down and for whom the symbol represents humility and martyrdom. In modern times, the inverted Latin cross has also been adopted in anti-Christian and Satanic symbolism to signify opposition to Christianity.

Christian symbolism

The inverted cross is traditionally known as the Cross of Saint Peter, Crux Inversa, or Petrine Cross.{{sfnmp|1a1=Sauerländer|1a2=Rubens|1y=2014|1p=224|2a1=Vile|2y=2024|2pp=174–5}} According to Christian tradition, Saint Peter was crucified upside down,{{sfnp|Rest|1954|p=29}} as he did not consider himself worthy to die in the same manner as Jesus. As a result, the symbol has been used in Christian iconography, particularly within the Catholic Church, as a symbol of humility.{{sfnp|Pick|1909}}

Anti-Christian use

In the 19th and 20th centuries, some anti-Christian groups, occult traditions, and Satanic movements repurposed the inverted cross as a symbol of defiance against Christianity. Unlike its use in Christian tradition, here it is meant to invert or subvert Christian teachings.{{sfnp|Van Luijk|2016}} The inverted cross is a recurring motif in metal music, particularly black metal, in congruity with its anti-Christian themes.{{sfnp|Fletcher|Umurhan|2019}}

=In literature=

Joris-Karl Huysmans' novel Là-bas (1891) describes a Black Mass where participants wear vestments with inverted crosses.{{sfnp|Ziegler|2012|p=56}} The character 'Docteur Johannès' was based on the 19th-century French mystic Eugène Vintras (1807–1875),{{sfnp|Chisholm|1979|p=173}} who incorporated the Petrine Cross into his vestments, particularly on his stole, as part of his movement's esoteric Christian symbolism.{{sfnp|Van Luijk|2016|p=178}}

The Inverted Cross (La Cruz Invertida) by Argentine writer Marcos Aguinis (1970) is a political and social novel set in an unnamed Latin American country, exploring themes of upheaval, identity, and dictatorship. It critically examines human contradictions and the continent's struggles for unity.{{sfnp|Williams|2007|pp=84–85}}

=In popular culture=

Many horror films use inverted crosses as part of their imagery and marketing, especially if the film involves demonic themes. Examples include The Amityville Horror, The Conjuring and Paranormal Activity. At the end of Rosemary's Baby, an upside down cross hangs over the bassinet containing Satan's son.{{sfnp|Wiggins|2018|p=129}}

Glen Benton of the band Deicide branded an inverted cross onto his forehead.{{cite news |title=The 50 Most Evil Songs Ever |url=https://www.kerrang.com/features/the-50-most-evil-songs-ever/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |publisher=Kerrang!}}

Former Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward suggested that the use of an inverted cross on the inner gatefold sleeve of their debut album by their label Vertigo may have been a promotional ploy or a misunderstanding of the nature of the group.{{cite web |url=https://www.loudersound.com/news/bill-ward-black-sabbath-inverted-cross-was-a-promotional-ploy |last=O'Neill |first=Christine |title=Bill Ward: Black Sabbath inverted cross was a promotional ploy |website=Louder Sound |date=August 26, 2016}}

Then-indie hip hop artist Tyler, the Creator drew the cross on his forehead for his portrait in the deluxe album cover for his 2011 album Goblin. Similarly, experimental trap artist Playboi Carti utilized the upside down cross for his 2020 album Whole Lotta Red. On the cover, Carti is depicted wearing an inverted crucifix pendant.{{Cite web |title=Playboi Carti Officially Reveals 'Whole Lotta Red' Cover Art & Release Date |url=https://genius.com/a/playboi-carti-officially-reveals-whole-lotta-red-cover-art-release-date |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Genius |language=en}} This piece of jewelry has remained a staple with his outfits, and his fellow Opium signee Ken Carson has inserted the iconography into the cover for his 2023 album A Great Chaos.{{Cite web |title=A Great Chaos by Ken Carson |url=https://genius.com/albums/Ken-carson/A-great-chaos |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Genius |language=en}}

References

=Works cited=

{{cite book |last=Chisholm |first=A. R. |year=1979 |title=Towards Hérodiade: A Literary Genealogy |publisher=AMS Press |isbn=978-0404163105}}
{{cite book |editor1-first=K. F. B. |editor1-last=Fletcher |editor2-first=Osman |editor2-last=Umurhan |title=Classical Antiquity in Heavy Metal Music |year=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1350075375}}
{{cite book|last=Pick|first=Bernhard|authorlink=Bernhard Pick|title=The Apocryphal Acts of Paul, Peter, John, Andrew and Thomas|chapter=Martyrdom of the Holy Apostle Peter|pages=106–122|publisher=The Open Court Publishing Co.|location=Chicago|year=1909|isbn=9780837019123|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRRhTxUMFIsC&q=%22left+as+the+right%22}}
{{cite book |title=Our Christian Symbols |first=Friedrich |last=Rest |publisher=Christian Education Press |year=1954 |isbn=0-8298-0099-9}}
{{cite book |last1=Sauerländer |first1=W. |last2=Rubens |first2=P. P. |year=2014 |title=The Catholic Rubens: Saints and Martyrs |publisher=Getty Research Institute |isbn=978-1606062685}}
{{cite book |last=Van Luijk |first=R. |year=2016 |title=Children of Lucifer: The Origins of Modern Religious Satanism |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190275112}}
{{cite book |last=Vile |first=J. R. |year=2024 |title=The Christian Cross in American Public Life: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1527572188}}
{{cite book |last=Wiggins |first=S. A. |year=2018 |title=Holy Horror: The Bible and Fear in Movies |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-7466-7}}
{{cite book |last=Williams |first=R. L. |year=2007 |title=The Columbia Guide to the Latin American Novel Since 1945 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231501699}}
{{cite book |last=Ziegler |first=R. |year=2012 |title=Satanism, Magic and Mysticism in Fin-de-siècle France |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1137006615}}