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Iochroma

{{Short description|Genus of shrubs}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = Iochroma fuchsioides.jpg

|image_caption = Iochroma fuchsioides

|display_parents = 2

|taxon = Iochroma

|authority = Benth.

|subdivision_ranks = Species

|subdivision = See text.

|synonyms_ref =

|synonyms =

{{Genus list

|Acnistus|Schott

|Chaenesthes|Miers

|Cleochroma|Miers

|Codochonia|Dunal

|Diplukion|Raf.

|Ephaiola|Raf.

|Eplateia|Raf.

|Pederlea|Raf.

|Valteta|Raf.

}}

}}

Iochroma is a genus of about 34 species of shrubs and small trees belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. Species are native from Mexico to south Brazil. They are found in the forests of Mexico and South America. Their hummingbird-pollinated flowers are tubular or trumpet-shaped, and may be blue, purple, red, yellow, or white, becoming pulpy berries. The cupular (cup-shaped) calyx is inflated in some species. The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire.Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001. {{ISBN|3-904144-77-4}} pps. 220-226De Witt, S. and Baum, David A. 2006. Phylogenetics of the Florally Diverse Andean Clade Iochrominae ( Solanaceae ) American Journal of Botany 93(8): 1140–1153.

Iochromas are cultivated as flowering ornamentals and in cooler zones (zones 7–8/9) make useful patio shrubs for summer display or conservatory plants. The majority are not frost-hardy and must be overwintered under protection. In warmer zones (zones 9–10) they can be used as landscape plants.Christopher Brickell ( Ed.), The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, pub. Dorking Kindersley 1996 {{ISBN|0-7513-0303-8}}, pps. 554–555. They are commonly trained as standards (topiary) to control their size and shape. Iochroma flowers attract hummingbirds (Americas only) and bees to gardens.

Like many plants in the Solanaceae, Iochroma species contain phytochemicals with potential pharmaceutical value but the genus has not been exhaustively studied in this respect. Iochroma fuchsioides is taken by the medicine men of the Kamsa Indians of the Sibundoy valley in the Colombian Andes for difficult diagnoses, the unpleasant side effects lasting several days.Schultes, R. E. and Hoffman, A. (1992). Plants of the Gods. Their sacred, healing and hallucinogenic powers. Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vermont. p. 46. A variety of withanolides Alfonso, D., Bernardinelli, G. and Kapetanidis, I. (1993). Withanolides from Iochroma coccineum. Phytochemistry 34 (2) : 517–521. and hydroxycinnamic acid amides Sattar, E. A., Glasl, H., Nahrstedt, A., Hilal, S. H., Zaki, A. Y. and El Zalabani, S. M. H. (1990). Hydroxycinnamic acid amides from Iochroma cyaneum. Phytochemistry 29 (12) : 3931–3933. have been isolated from Iochroma species.

Taxonomy

The genus Iochroma was established by George Bentham in 1845.{{cite web |title=Iochroma Benth.. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331673-2 |access-date=2023-02-07 }} Like other plant families, the Solanaceae is further divided into subfamilies, tribes and subtribes. Iochroma is in the subtribe Iochrominae along with the genera Dunalia, Eriolarynx, Saracha and Vassobia. {{As of|2023|February}}, Acnistus, previously treated as a separate genus, was regarded as a synonym of Iochroma.

=Species=

File:Acnistus arborescens, known as Hollow Heart (11425729463).jpg]]

File:Iochroma calycinum flowers Kew.jpg species Iochroma calycinum, syn. I. macrocalyx, Temperate House, Kew Gardens]]

File:Quinta do Palheiro Ferreiro, Funchal - Madeira, October 2012 (21).jpg Quinta do Palheiro Ferreiro, Funchal, Madeira.]]

File:Iochroma coccinea Scheidw. Kew.jpg species Iochroma coccinea growing in the Temperate House at Kew Gardens]]

The genus is currently divided into three sections.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} {{As of|2023|February}}, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:

Section Iochroma

Section Lehmannia

Section Spinosa

Unclassified

=Former species=

Species formerly placed in the genus Iochroma include:

  • Iochroma australe Griseb. (Bolivia, Argentina) → Eriolarynx australis{{cite web |title=Iochroma australe Griseb.. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:815966-1 |access-date=2023-02-07 }}
  • Iochroma cardenasianum Hunz. → Trompettia cardenasiana{{cite web |title=Iochroma cardenasianum Hunz.. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:128880-2 |access-date=2023-02-07 }}
  • Iochroma grandiflorum Benth. → Trozelia grandiflora
  • Iochroma umbellatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Hunz. → Trozelia umbellata

Cultivation

Several forms of Iochroma (some wild collected, some garden hybrids) have been given cultivar names. Some of the cultivars have been assigned to species but others, mainly hybrids, have not. There may be some synonymy in this list.Shaw, J. M. H. (1998) "A Review of Iochroma in Cultivation". New Plantsman 5(3): 154–192.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

  • Iochroma calycinum 'Vlasta’s Surprise'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Album'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Apricot Belle'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Indigo'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Karl Hartweg'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'John Miers'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Royal Blue'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Royal Queen' = I. cyaneum 'Indigo'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Sky King'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Trebah'
  • Iochroma cyaneum 'Woodcote White'
  • Iochroma gesnerioides 'Coccineum'
  • Iochroma gesnerioides var. flavum
  • Iochroma 'Ashcott Red'
  • Iochroma 'Burgundy Bells'
  • Iochroma 'Frosty Plum'
  • Iochroma 'Ilie’s Plum'
  • Iochroma 'Plum Beauty'
  • Iochroma 'Plum Delight'
  • Iochroma 'Purple Haze'
  • Iochroma 'Ruby Red' (I. cyaneum 'Royal Blue' x I. 'Sunset')
  • Iochroma 'Sunset'
  • Iochroma 'Wine Red'

{{div col end}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{aut|Constantine, D. R.}} (2008): Iochroma - an annotated list of the species and cultivars [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~drc/iochroma_home.htm]

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q2300865|from2=Q2706011}}

Category:Solanaceae genera

Category:Garden plants of South America