Iris sari
{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Iris sari-IMG 6515.JPG
|taxon = Iris sari
|synonyms = {{Species list
|Iris lupina |Foster
|Iris manissadjianii |Freyn
|Iris sari var. lurida |Boiss.
|Oncocyclus sari |(Schott ex Baker) Klatt }}
}}
Iris sari is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in section Oncocyclus. It is from the rocky steppes and hills of Turkey. It has curved or straight leaves, cream, greenish or yellowish flowers which are variable and veined with crimson, purple-brown, reddish brown, reddish-purple or black. It has a dark maroon, rich crimson or brown signal patch and gold or yellow beard.
Description
Iris sari is a hardy perennial,{{cite web |title=Iris Sari Schott ex Baker - iris |first=Eva |last=Rencova |date=24 May 2010 |url=https://botany.cz/cs/iris-sari/ |access-date=5 October 2020}} with a tuberous rhizome,{{cite web |title=Ana kurtkulağı {{!}} Iris sari |url=https://www.gezenadam.com/flora/AI.php?ID=816 |website=GezenAdam |access-date=13 October 2020 |language=tr |date=4 May 2020}} which is up to 2 cm in diameter.British Iris Society (1997) {{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=85}} Under the rhizome are long secondary roots, which locate mineral salts to absorb.{{cite web |title=chapitre I (partie 5) Les Oncocyclus II |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-i-partie-5-les-oncocyclus-ii-124148159.html |website=dictionaire des iridacée |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |access-date=30 November 2019 |language=fr}}
It has 5-7 leaves, which can be slightly curved, falcate shaped or almost straight,{{cite web |title=Iris sari |url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Iris/sari?user=none |publisher=alpinegardensociety.net |access-date=29 February 2020}} or sword shaped. They are small, and 0.3-0.9 cm wide,
It is intermediate in size between the smaller species of the Caucasus region, such as Iris acutiloba, and the large Syrian plants as Iris lortetii and Iris gatesii.{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |access-date=1 November 2014}}
The plant can reach up to {{cvt|10|-|30|cm|0}} tall,{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |access-date=23 November 2014}}{{cite web |last1=Pries |first1=Bob |title=SpecSari < Spec < Iris Wiki |url=http://wiki.irises.org/Spec/SpecSari |website=wiki.irises.org |access-date=29 February 2020 |date=29 July 2018}} and it has a straight stem, which is about {{cvt|6|-|30|cm|0}} tall and ends in a single flower.
It blossoms in late spring, between April and June. The flowers are about {{cvt|7|-|10|cm|0}} across. or {{cvt|12|-|15|cm|0}} in diameter. They have a pleasant scent.
They have a cream, greenish or yellowish ground or base colour,{{cite web |title=Iris sari |url=https://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/iris-sari/ |access-date=29 February 2020}} which is variable and veined with crimson, purple-brown, reddish brown, reddish-purple or black.
Like other irises, it has two pairs of petals: three large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls', and three inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.{{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0881927306}} Both falls and standards may be more or less ruffled, or wavy and have an undulating shape.
The erect standards, are ovoid, roundish, obovate or sub-orbicular in shape, {{cvt|6|-|8.5|cm|0}} long and {{cvt|3.5|-|5.8|cm|0}} wide and they are often darker than the falls. Sometimes the standards are bluish purple in colour. The falls are elliptic, obtuse or rounded in shape, {{cvt|5|-|8|cm|0}} long and {{cvt|2.8|-|4.5|cm|0}} wide. They usually have the sides bent back and often with the apex of the petal curled under.
In the middle of the falls is a signal patches, which is dark maroon, rich crimson or brown. Behind the signal patch on the falls is a row of short, dense bristles or hairs which are white tinged with yellow,Richard Lynch {{Google books|grvYTul5CSUC|The Book of the Iris (1904)|page=101}} golden yellow, or are plain yellow, which makes its 'beard'.
The flower also has pale yellow finely streaked with brown style arms, which are {{cvt|4|-|5.5|cm|0}} long and 1.3–2 cm wide. The bract and bracteole are {{cvt|5|-|9.5|cm|0}} long and the perianth tube is {{cvt|2|-|2.5|cm|0}} long.
After the iris has flowered, in October, it produces a fruit capsule containing the seeds. It has 3 flaps,
it is spindle shaped and {{cvt|4.5|-|6|cm|0}} long, and {{cvt|1.5|-|2.3|cm|0}} wide.
=Biochemistry=
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count of 2n=20.
Tetraploids were induced successfully from in vitro plantlets of I. sari by treating the micro-bulbs with colchicine.
Taxonomy
File:İris sari - Ana kurtkulağı 06.jpg
I. sari is also known as “Ana kurtkulağı,” in Turkish.{{cite web |first=Selay |last=Dogan |title=Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna (Austria); 175 p; 2018; p. 151; FAO/IAEA International Symposium on Plant Mutation Breeding and Biotechnology; Vienna (Austria) |date=27–31 Aug 2018 |publisher=IAEA-CN--263-206 |url=https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/08/cn-263-abstracts.pdf |access-date=29 February 2020}}
In Ovacık, Dersim it is known locally as Bahar çiçeği.
The Latin specific epithet sari refers to the River Sarum in Turkey, (an ancient name, as the river is now called the Seyhan River) since the iris was found on the flood plains of the river, in the Cilicia region.{{cite web |title=Iris sari |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/439067-1 |website=www.ipni.org |publisher=International Plant Names Index |access-date=5 October 2020}}
It was first found by plant hunter Kotschy in 1854 in Asia Minor, (now called Turkey). It was then first published by botanist Schott in The Gardeners' Chronicle (magazine) series 2, in issue 5 on page 788 in 1876, based on an earlier description by Baker.
In 1882, it was also published by Boissier in 'Fl. Orient.' Issue 5 on page 131, but he misnamed it as Iris saarii.
It was verified as Iris sari by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 March 2003,{{cite web |title=Taxon: Iris sari Schott ex Bake |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=432682 |publisher=ars-grin.gov |access-date=8 October 2020}} and is an accepted name by the RHS and it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.{{cite web |title=Iris sari |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9353/Iris-sari/Details |publisher=rhs.org.uk |access-date=29 February 2020}}
Due to the wide range in geographical area and habitat, the iris has the tendency to vary in the size of the flowers and leaves. This led to the idea that there have been thought to be two forms, with one small form which was called I. manissadjianii Freyn located near Amasya. Manissadjianii was named after an Armenian schoolteacher and botanist J. J. Manissadijan and friend of Freyn. Manissadjianii has also been called a subspecies as well.{{cite web |title=John Grimshaw's Garden Diary |url=https://johngrimshawsgardendiary.blogspot.com/2011/03/ |website=johngrimshawsgardendiary.blogspot.com |access-date=8 October 2020 |date=29 March 2011}} In 1887, Foster named another form as Iris lupina as the colour of the flower matched a fox.
They are now both considered to be synonyms of Iris sari.
There is also a white-violet variant with purple veining on the standards and it has a white beard.
Distribution and habitat
It is native to temperate Asia.
=Range=
It is endemic to Turkey.{{cite web |last1=Vural |first1=Cem |title=Iris sari |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-sari |publisher=(Species Iris Group of North America) signa.org |access-date=29 February 2020 |date=9 May 2006}}
Its population is widely scattered across the country from central and SE Turkey, in the Provinces of Çankırı Province, Amasya and Ankara, then east to Bayburt, Erzurum and the mountains south of Lake Van.
The RHS source is the only one to mention Northern Iran and the Caucasus, so assume this is a mistake by them.
=Habitat=
File:İris sari - Ana kurtkulağı 01.jpg
It grows on rocky steppe area, on rich mountain slopes, on stony hills and on rubble covered slopes. The plants can be found at an altitudes of between {{cvt|900|-|2700|m|ft}} above sea level.
It often found growing with tall umbellifers, peonies, vetches among oak scrub.
Cultivation
I. sari is known to be fairly easy to grow, and it can be cultivated in an Alpine house or bulb frame,Patrick Millington Synge {{google books|Lm8_AAAAYAAJ|In Search of Flowers(1973)|page=93}} where it should be given sharp drainage and some protection from winter wet, although it is normally cold hardy. and should flower every year.
Over 10 or more years, several plants of the species have been known to survive and re-flower in Surrey.
In more drier and hardier areas, it can be grown in rockeries, as long as the plant has a summer drought, which imitates the special xerothermic conditions.
Irises can generally be propagated by division,{{cite web |title=How to divide iris rhizomes |url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/projects/propagating/how-to-divide-iris-rhizomes/169.html |publisher=gardenersworld.com |access-date=12 October 2015}} or by seed growing.
Variations
Iris sari has a few known cultivars: 'Lupina',{{cite web |title=Iris sari 'Lupina' {{!}} /RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/141753/i-Iris-sari-i-Lupina/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk |access-date=8 October 2020 |language=en-gb}} 'Manissadjianii',{{cite web |title=Iris sari manissadjanii – RarePlants |url=https://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/iris-sari-manissadjanii/ |website=www.rareplants.co.uk |access-date=8 October 2020}} 'Sari Lurida',
Hybrids
Iris sari crosses: (with Iris gatesii 'Abou Ben Adhem',{{cite web |title=Plant database entry for Aril Iris (Iris 'Abou Ben Adhem') with 17 data details. |url=https://garden.org/plants/view/555214/Aril-Iris-Iris-Abou-Ben-Adhem/ |website=garden.org |access-date=17 October 2020 |language=en}} 'Dove', 'Persian Chocolate', 'Shadrach', (with Iris korolkowii) 'Thor'{{cite web |title=Lithuanian Rare Bulb Garden |url=http://www.litbulbgarden.com/catalogue4.php |website=www.litbulbgarden.com |access-date=17 October 2020}}
¼ Iris sari crosses: 'Leo's Magic', 'Summer Wind', 'Thormila'.
Uses
Iris sari has been used a folk medicinal plant in Turkey. The flowers have been used in an infusion{{cite journal |last1=Sargin |first1=Seyid Ahmet |title=Potential anti-influenza effective plants used in Turkish folk medicine: A review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=30 January 2021 |volume=265 |page=113319 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2020.113319 |pmid=32882361 |pmc=7458060 |url=}} to treat colds.{{cite journal |last1=Tuzlac |first1=Ertan |last2=Doùan |first2=Ahmet |title=Turkish folk medicinal plants, IX: Ovac×k (Tunceli) |journal=Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal |date=2010 |volume=3 |issue=14 |pages=136–143 |doi=10.12991/201014449}}
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (including rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske {{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants |page=236}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Other sources
- Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
- Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 57.
External links
{{Commons category|Iris sari}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris sari|Iris sari}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15572165}}