Irish Sign Language

The earliest known references to signing in Ireland come from the 18th century.{{sfn|Mohr|Leeson|2023}}{{sfn|Conama|Leonard|2020}} According to Ethnologue, the language has influence from both French Sign Language (LSF) and British Sign Language (BSL), as well as from signed French and signed English, BSL having been introduced in Dublin in 1816.{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=isg|title=Irish Sign Language|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=15 January 2018}} The first school for deaf children in Ireland, the Claremont Institution, was established in 1816 by Dr. Charles Orpen. According to admission documents between 1816 and 1822, about half of the students admitted already knew some form of signing. Conama and Leonard suggest that this points to evidence of an older, undocumented form of ISL.{{sfn|Conama|Leonard|2020|p=8}}

The Claremont Institution was a Protestant institution and given that Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom, it is no surprise that BSL (or some version of signed English based in BSL) was used for teaching and learning (Pollard 2006). St. Mary's School for Deaf Girls sent two teachers and two students to Caen in France for 6 months; the students there likely learned LSF, which likely influenced ISL when the students returned to Ireland.{{sfn|Mohr|Leeson|2023}} McDonnell (1979) reports that the Irish institutions - Catholic and Protestant - did not teach the children to speak and it was not until 1887 that Claremont report changing from a manual to an oral approach. For the Catholic schools, the shift to oralism came later: St. Mary's School for Deaf Girls moved to an oral approach in 1946 and St. Joseph's School for Deaf Boys shifted to oralism in 1956,{{sfn|Griffey|1994}}{{sfn|Crean|1997}} though this did not become formal state policy until 1972. Sign language use was seriously suppressed and religion was used to further stigmatise the language (e.g. children were encouraged to give up signing for Lent and sent to confession if caught signing).{{sfn|McDonnell|Saunders|1993}} The fact that the Catholic schools are segregated on the basis of gender led to the development of a gendered-generational variant of Irish Sign Language that is still evident (albeit to a lesser degree) today.{{sfn|LeMaster|1990}}{{sfn|Leeson|Grehan|2004}}{{sfn|Leeson|2005}}{{sfn|Leeson|Saeed|2012}}{{sfn|Leonard|2005}}{{sfn|Grehan|2008}}

ISL was brought by Catholic missionaries to Australia, and to Scotland and England, with remnants of ISL still visible in some variants of BSL, especially in Glasgow, and with some elderly Auslan Catholics still using ISL today. In South Africa, the Dominican nuns who established Catholic Schools saw a need for a school for the deaf, but due to resource constraints were not in a position to do this immediately. Instead, they wrote back to their Mother House in Cabra requesting an experienced teacher of the deaf. A deaf teacher, Bridget Lynne, responded. Remnants of gendered generational Irish Sign Language are thought to still be visible in some dialects of South African Sign Language,{{sfn|Leeson|Saeed|2012}} which can probably be traced back to Lynne.

The "Recognition of Irish Sign Language for the Deaf Community Bill 2016" passed all stages in the Oireachtas (Irish Parliament) on 14 December 2017, and was signed into law under the revised title, The Irish Sign Language Act 2017. The Act was signed into law by the President of Ireland Michael D Higgins on 24 December 2017.{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/irish-sign-language-given-official-legal-recognition-1.3338081|title=Irish Sign Language given official legal recognition|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en-US}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2017/1224/929482-sign-language-bill/|title=President signs Irish Sign Language bill into law|date=2017-12-24|work=RTE.ie|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en}} The Act, which commenced on December 23, 2020, requires that public services are available through ISL and also outlines the need for greater access to education through sign language. Prior to the passage, there was no automatic right for deaf people to have an ISL interpreter (except for criminal court proceedings). For the deaf community, recognition of ISL means more legal rights and better access to public services - including education, healthcare, media and banking.{{Cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2017/1213/927259-irish-sign-language/|title=Dáil passes 'historic' sign language legislation|date=2017-12-14|work=RTE.ie|access-date=2017-12-14|language=en}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/irish-sign-language-set-to-be-given-official-status-36407921.html|title=Irish Sign Language set to be given official status - Independent.ie|work=Independent.ie|access-date=2017-12-14|language=en}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/irish-sign-language-set-to-receive-official-recognition-818648.html|title=Irish sign language set to receive official recognition|date=2017-12-14|work=Breaking News|access-date=2017-12-14}}

The ISO 639-3 code for Irish Sign Language is 'isg'; 'isl' is the code for Icelandic.

• Auslan
• Australian Irish Sign Language
• Deafness in Ireland
• Irish manual alphabet
• Lámh
• Northern Ireland Sign Language
• South African Sign Language

{{Reflist|20em}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

• {{cite journal

|last1=Conama

|first1=John Bosco

|last2=Leonard

|first2=Cormac

|title=In Search of ISL's Pre-History: The complex origins of Irish sign language(s?)

|journal=TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics

|date=24 September 2020

|volume=11

|doi=10.35903/teanga.v11i1.190

|url=https://journal.iraal.ie/index.php/teanga/article/view/190/409

|access-date=18 July 2024

|issn=2565-6325|doi-access=free

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Leonard |first=Cormac

|year=2005

|title=Signs of diversity: use and recognition of gendered signs among your Irish Deaf people

|journal=Deaf Worlds

|volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=62–77

|id={{Academia.edu|3987155}} {{Free access}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Crean |first=Edward J.

|year=1997

|title=Breaking the silence: The education of the deaf in Ireland 1816-1996

|location=Dublin

|publisher=Irish Deaf Society Publication

|url=https://archive.org/details/breakingsilencee00crea

|url-access=registration

}}

• {{cite book

|author=Department of Education

|year=1972

|title=The Education of Children who are Handicapped by Impaired Hearing

|location=Dublin

|publisher=Government Publications

}}

• {{cite thesis

|last=Grehan |first=Carmel

|year=2008

|title=Communication Islands: The Impact of Segregation on Attitudes to ISL among a Sample of Graduates of St. Mary's School for Deaf Girls

|type=unpublished M.Phil. dissertation

|location=Dublin

|publisher=Trinity College

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Griffey |first=Nicholas

|year=1994

|title=From Silence to Speech: Fifty years with the Deaf

|location=Dublin

|publisher=Dominican Publications

|isbn=1871552494

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Leeson |first=Lorraine

|year=2005

|chapter=Vying with Variation: Interpreting Language Contact, Gender Variation and Generational Difference

|editor-first=Terry |editor-last=Janzen

|title=Topics in Signed Language Interpreting

|location=Amsterdam and Philadelphia

|publisher=John Benjamins

|pages=251–292

|doi=10.1075/btl.63.15lee

|id={{Academia.edu|1059902}} {{Free access}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last1=Leeson |first1=Lorraine

|last2=Grehan |first2=Carmel

|year=2004

|chapter=To The Lexicon and Beyond: The Effect of Gender on Variation in Irish Sign Language

|editor1-first=Mieke |editor1-last=Van Herreweghe

|editor2-first=Myriam |editor2-last=Vermeerbergen

|title=To the Lexicon and Beyond: Sociolinguistics in European Deaf Communities

|location=Washington DC

|publisher=Gallaudet University Press

|pages=39–73

|jstor=j.ctv2rh28cx.7

|id={{ResearchGatePub|260038564}} {{Free access}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last1=Leeson |first1=Lorraine

|last2=Saeed |first2=John I.

|year=2012

|title=Irish Sign Language

|location=Edinburgh

|publisher=Edinburgh University Press

|id={{ResearchGatePub|229083728}} {{Free access}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last1=LeMaster

|first1=Barbara

|editor1-last=Hill

|editor1-first=Jane H.

|editor2-last=Mistry |editor2-first=P.J.

|editor3-last=Campbell

|editor3-first=Lyle

|title=The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright

|date=1998 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton

|location=Berlin, New York

|pages=67–85

|chapter=Sex differences in Irish Sign Language

|access-date=18 July 2024

|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110811155.67/html?lang=en }}

• {{cite thesis

|last=LeMaster |first=Barbara Celeste

|year=1990

|title=The Maintenance and Loss of Female and Male Signs in the Dublin Deaf Community

|location=Ann Arbor

|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles

|type=dissertation

|id={{ProQuest|303886305}} {{Free access}}

}}

• {{cite thesis

|last=McDonnell |first=P.

|year=1979

|title=The Establishment and Operation of Institutions for the Education of the Deaf in Ireland, 1816-1889

|type=unpublished essay submitted in part-fulfillment of the requirements of the award of the degree of Master in Education

|location=Dublin

|publisher=University College Dublin

}}

• {{cite book

|last1=McDonnell |first1=Patrick

|last2=Saunders |first2=Helena

|year=1993

|chapter=Sit on Your Hands: Strategies to Prevent Signing

|editor1-last=Fischer |editor1-first=Renate

|editor2-last=Lane |editor2-first=Harlan

|title=Looking Back: A Reader on the History of Deaf Communities and their Sign Languages

|location=Hamburg

|publisher=Signum

|pages=255–260

|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lookingbackreade00fisc/page/255

|chapter-url-access=registration

}}

• {{cite book

|last1=Mohr

|first1= Susanne

|last2=Leeson

|first2=Lorraine

|chapter=Irish Sign Language: Ireland’s Third Language,

|editor-last=Hickey

|editor-first=Raymond

|title=The Oxford Handbook of Irish English

|series=Oxford Handbooks

|date=2023

|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198856153.013.31

|publisher= Oxford Academic

|access-date= 17 July 2024

|chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/55363/chapter/431223652

|pages=646–672

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Pollard |first=Rachel

|year=2006

|title=The Avenue

|location=Dublin

|publisher=Denzille Press

|url=https://archive.org/details/avenuehistoryofc0000poll

|url-access=registration

}}

• {{cite journal

|first1=Heath |last1=Rose

|first2=John Bosco |last2=Conama

|year=2018

|title=Linguistic imperialism: still a valid construct in relation to language policy for Irish Sign Language

|journal=Language Policy

|volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=385–404

|doi=10.1007/s10993-017-9446-2 |doi-access=free

}}

{{refend}}

• [http://www.irishdeafsociety.ie Irish Deaf Society]
• [http://www.tcd.ie/slscs/cds Centre for Deaf Studies, TCD]

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Category:Languages of the Republic of Ireland

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Category:French Sign Language family

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