Iron(II) gluconate
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 406547047
| ImageFile = Ferrous gluconate.png
| ImageSize =
| SystematicName=Iron; (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
| OtherNames =
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 19953133
| InChI = 1/2C6H12O7.Fe/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1
| InChIKey = VRIVJOXICYMTAG-QFKJHGNTBV
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/2C6H12O7.Fe/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = VRIVJOXICYMTAG-IYEMJOQQSA-L
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo=299-29-6
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 781E2AXH0K
| PubChem = 9291
| SMILES = [Fe+2].O[C@H]([C@@H](O)C([O-])=O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = FeC12H22O14
| MolarMass = 446.14 g/mol
| Appearance = light yellow to brown powder
| Odor = slight caramel odor
| MeltingPtC= 188
| MeltingPt_notes = dihydrate
| Solubility = soluble
| SolubleOther = soluble in glycerin
negligible in alcohol}}
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = B03
| ATCCode_suffix = AA03
| ATC_Supplemental =
{{ATC|B03|AD05}} (combination with folic acid)}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = [http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/FE/ferrous_gluconate_hydrate.html Oxford MSDS]}}}}
Iron(II) gluconate, or ferrous gluconate,[http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/ferrous_gluconate.html SciToys.com ferrous gluconate information page] is a black compound often used as an iron supplement. It is the iron(II) salt of gluconic acid. It is marketed under brand names such as Fergon, Ferralet and Simron.[https://www.drugs.com/MTM/ferrous_gluconate.html Drugs.com ferrous gluconate summary]
Uses
=Medical=
{{Main|Iron supplement}}
Ferrous gluconate is effectively used in the treatment of hypochromic anemia. The use of this compound compared with other iron preparations results in satisfactory reticulocyte responses, a high percentage utilization of iron, and daily increase in hemoglobin that a normal level occurs in a reasonably short time.{{cite journal | doi=10.1172/JCI100881 | title=The Use of Ferrous Gluconate in the Treatment of Hypochromic Anemia | year=1937 | last1=Reznikoff | first1=Paul | last2=Goebel | first2=Walther F. | journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume=16 | issue=4 | pages=547–54 | pmid=16694502 | pmc=424894}}
=Food additive=
Ferrous gluconate is also used as a food additive when processing black olives. It is represented by the food labeling E number E579 in Europe. It imparts a uniform jet black color to the olives.[http://www.cspinet.org/reports/chemcuisine.htm CSPI's Guide to Food Additives]Antonio Higinio Sánchez Gómez, Pedro García García and Luis Rejano Navarro (Spain 2006). "[http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2453/1/Elaboration.pdf#page=7 Elaboration of table olives – 4.2.3. Colour fixation]", p. 92, from digital.csic.es. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180422040659/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2453/1/Elaboration.pdf Archived] 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
Toxicity
Ferrous gluconate may be toxic in case of overdose. Children may show signs of toxicity with ingestions of 10–20 mg/kg of elemental iron. Serious toxicity may result from ingestions of more than 60 mg/kg. Iron exerts both local and systemic effects: it is corrosive to the gastrointestinal mucosa, it can have a negative impact on the heart and blood (dehydration, low blood pressure, fast and weak pulse, shock), lungs, liver, gastrointestinal system (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting blood), nervous system (chills, dizziness, coma, convulsions, headache), and skin (flushing, loss of color, bluish-colored lips and fingernails).[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1011689-overview Toxicity, Iron][https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002659.htm Iron overdose] The symptoms may disappear in a few hours, but then emerge again after 1 or more days. {{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
See also
References
{{Iron compounds}}
{{Antianemic preparations}}