Iroquoian peoples

{{Short description|Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands cultural area, in eastern North America.}}

The Iroquoian peoples are an ethnolinguistic group of peoples from eastern North America. Their traditional territories, often referred to by scholars as Iroquoia,{{sfn|Anderson|2020|p=4}} stretch from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in the north, to modern-day North Carolina in the south.

Historical Iroquoian people were the Five nations of the Iroquois or Haudenosaunee, Huron or Wendat, Petun, Neutral or Attawandaron, Erie people, Wenro, Susquehannock and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.

The Cherokee are also an Iroquoian-speaking people.

There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 AD, and as far back as 4000 BC. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 AD.

List of Iroquoian peoples

Haudenosaunee of New York, Quebec and Ontario, Canada.
Mohawk (Kanienʼkehá:ka): of Quebec and Ontario, Canada, and New York, United States
Seneca (Onödowáʼga): of New York and Oklahoma, United States and Ontario, Canada.
Cayuga (Gayogo̱hó꞉nǫʼ): New York and Oklahoma, United States and Ontario, Canada.
Oneida (Onʌyoteˀa·ká·): New York, Wisconsin, United States and Ontario, Canada.
Tuscarora (Skarù:ręˀ): of New York, United States, and Ontario, Canada.
Onondaga (Onöñda’gaga’): of New York, United States, and Ontario, Canada.
Wendat (Huron): Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada.
Attignawantan
Attigneenongnahac
Arendarhonon
Tahontaenrat
Ataronchronon
Petun (Tobacco or Tionontati): Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada.
Neutral Nation (Chonnonton or Attawandaron): southwestern and south-central Ontario.
Erie (Eriechronon): of Upstate New York, Ohio, and Northwest Pennsylvania, United States.
Susquehannock (Conestoga): of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, New York, and Maryland (United States).
St. Lawrence Iroquoians: St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada, and New York, United States.
Monongahela: Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, United States.
Scahentoarrhonon: Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania.
Nottoway (Cheroenhaka): of Virginia, United States.
Westo (Chichimeco or Richahecrian): of Virginia and South Carolina, United States.
Wenrohronon (Wenro): New York, United States.
Cherokee (Anigiduwagi): North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, edges of western South Carolina, northern Georgia and northeastern Alabama.
Meherrin (Kauwets'a:ka): North Carolina.

History

Iroquois mythology tells that the Iroquoian people have their origin in a woman who fell from the sky,{{Cite web|title=Iroquois {{!}} History, Culture, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iroquois-people|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}} and that they have always been on Turtle Island.{{Cite web|title=Iroquois Creation Story - Lesson Four|url=https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/curriculum/iroquois/lesson4.htm|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.collectionscanada.gc.ca}}

Iroquoian societies were affected by the wave of infectious diseases resulting from the arrival of Europeans. For example, it is estimated that by the mid-17th century, the Huron population had decreased from 20,000{{ndash}}30,000 to about 9000, while the Petun population dropped from around 8000 to 3000.{{sfn|McMillan|Yellowhorn|2004|p=78}}

Archaeology

The Hopewell tradition describes the common aspects of an ancient pre-Columbian Native American civilization that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands from 100 BC to 500 AD, in the Middle Woodland period. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of trade routes. This is known as the Hopewell exchange system.

There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples "in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 AD, and possibly as far back as 4000 BC. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 AD."{{Cite web|title=Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/iroquois|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}

=Ontario Iroquois tradition=

The Ontario Iroquois tradition was conceptualized by the archaeologist J. V. Wright in 1966.{{sfn|Snow|1995|p=67}} It encompasses a group of archaeological cultures considered by archaeologists to be Iroquoian or proto-Iroquoian in character. In the Early Ontario Iroquois stage (likely beginning around AD 900), these comprised the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures,{{sfn|Snow|1995|p=67}} which clustered in southwestern and eastern Ontario respectively.{{cite web |url=https://ontarioarchaeology.org/resources/summary-of-ontario-archaeology/ |title=Summary of Ontario Archaeology |publisher=Ontario Archaeological Society |access-date=8 January 2023}}

{{anchor|Uren substage}}During the Middle Ontario Iroquois stage, rapid cultural change took place near the beginning of the 14th century,{{sfn|Wright|1992|p=4}} and detectable differences between the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures disappeared. The Middle Ontario Iroquois stage is divided into chronological Uren and Middleport substages,{{sfn|Wright|1992|p=5}} which are sometimes termed as cultures.{{sfn|Snow|1995|p=68}} Wright controversially attributed the increase in homogeneity to a "conquest theory", whereby the Pickering culture became dominant over the Glen Meyer and the former became the predecessor of the later Uren and Middleport substages. Archaeologists opposed to Wright's theory have criticized it on a number of levels, such as questioning whether the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures were meaningfully distinct from each other,{{sfn|Wright|1992|p=4}} reclassifying some Uren and Middleport sites as Glen Meyer,{{sfn|Wright|1992|p=3}} and, by the 1990s, becoming increasingly reluctant to classify sub-groups of sites from the period in Ontario into distinct archaeological cultures at all.{{sfn|Wright|1992|p=8}}

In one 1990 paper, Ronald Williamson stated that Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures might represent "two ends of a continuum of spatial variability extending across southern Ontario," in his arguments against the classification of Ontario Iroquoian sites into groups based on material culture.{{sfn|Williamson|1990|p=295}} This dispute paralleled other contemporary discussions over the usefulness of the older system of material culture classification which had mostly been devised in the 1960s and 1970s, such as criticism of the usefulness of the pre-Ontario Iroquoian Saugeen complex as a conceptual model.{{sfn|Ferris|Spence|1995|p=98}} In a 1995 article, Dean Snow took a more middling view, supporting the idea of Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures being distinct, but also acknowledging that the "conquest theory" was not generally accepted by archaeologists by that point.{{sfn|Snow|1995|p=68}}

The Point Peninsula complex was an indigenous culture located in Ontario and New York from 600 BC to 700 AD (during the Middle Woodland period).{{Cite web|title=Middle Woodland Natives|url=http://my.kwic.com/~pagodavista/schoolhouse/rec/mwdland.htm|access-date=2009-10-08}} This culture, perhaps in interaction with other complexes eventually developed into the several Iroquoian-speaking nations of Pennsylvania and New York.

Culture

The Iroquoian peoples had matrilineal kinship systems.{{Cite web|date=2017-04-25|title=The Iroquois Peoples|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-iroquois-native-cultures-of-north-america.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}} They were historically sedentary farmers who lived in large fortified villages enclosed by palisades thirty feet high as a defence against enemy attack, these settlements were referred to as “towns” by early Europeans and supplemented their diet with additional hunting and gathering activities. Longhouses were also common.

References

=Citations=

=Sources=

{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Chad L. |date=2020 |title=The Storied Landscape of Iroquoia: History, Conquest, and Memory in the Native Northeast |series=Borderlands and Transcultural Studies |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctvzpv65x |isbn=9781496218650 |s2cid=219044376 }}
{{cite journal |last1=Ferris |first1=Neal |last2=Spence |first2=Michael W. |date=July–December 1995 |title=The Woodland Traditions in Southern Ontario |journal=Revista de Arqueología Americana |publisher=Pan American Institute of Geography and History |number=9 |pages=83–138 |jstor=27768356}}
{{cite book |last1=McMillan |first1=Alan D. |last2=Yellowhorn |first2=Eldon |year=2004 |title=First Peoples In Canada |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvSrEUFH3vkC&pg=PA77 |isbn=1-55365-053-0}}
{{cite journal |last=Snow |first=Dean R. |date=January 1995 |title=Migration in Prehistory: The Northern Iroquoian Case |journal=American Antiquity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=60 |number=1 |pages=59–79 |doi=10.2307/282076|jstor=282076 |s2cid=164163259 }}
{{cite magazine |last=Williamson |first=Ronald F. |editor-last1=Ellis |editor-first1=Chris J. |editor-last2=Ferris |editor-first2=Neal |date=1990 |title=The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario |magazine=The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650 |number=5 |pages=291–320}}
{{cite journal |last=Wright |first=J. V. |date=1992 |title=The Conquest Theory of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition: a Reassessment |journal=Ontario Archaeology |publisher=Ontario Archaeological Society |volume=54 |pages=3–16 |url=https://ontarioarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/oa054-01_wright.pdf}}