Isaac Mayer Wise

{{Short description|American rabbi, editor and author (1819–1900)}}

{{infobox officeholder

| name = Isaac Mayer Wise

| image = The World's Parliament of Religions - an illustrated and popular story of the World's First Parliament of Religions, held in Chicago in connection with the Columbian exposition of 1893 (1893) (14762867784).jpg

| caption = Wise in 1893

| office = 1st President of Hebrew Union College

| term_start = 3 October 1875

| term_end = 26 March 1900

| predecessor = Office established

| successor = Moses Mielziner

| birth_place = Steingrub, Kingdom of Bohemia (now Plesná, Czech Republic

| birth_date = {{birth date|1819|3|29|df=yes}}

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1900|3|26|1819|3|29}}

| death_place = Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.

| spouse = Therese Bloch (died 1874)
{{marriage|Selma Bondi|1876}}

| children = 10, including Leo Wise and Jonah Bondi Wise

}}

Isaac Mayer Wise (29 March 1819 – 26 March 1900) was an American Reform rabbi, editor, and author.

Early life

File:Radnice-synagogue5.jpg, where Wise was a rabbi in 1843–1846]]

Wise was born on 29 March 1819 in Steingrub in Bohemia (today Lomnička, a part of Plesná in the Czech Republic).{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/austriaczech/wallfame1.html|title=Historically significant people of Bohemian-Moravian-Austrian Jewish origin|website=jewishgen.org|access-date=12 May 2009|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125800/https://www.jewishgen.org/austriaczech/wallfame1.html|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLmdLQpluhUC&pg=PA308|author=Wlaschek, R. M.|title=Juden im Böhmen|year=1997|publisher=R. Oldenbourg |isbn=9783486562835|trans-title=Jews in Bohemia|language=de|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=6 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506170916/https://books.google.com/books?id=bLmdLQpluhUC&pg=PA308|url-status=live}} He was the son of Löbl Doktor and Regina Weiss; since his parents weren't civilly married, he went by his mother's surname.{{Cite web |last=Schoenberg |first=Randy |author-link=E. Randol Schoenberg |date=2017-11-26 |title=A New Genealogy for Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise |url=https://avotaynuonline.com/2017/11/new-genealogy-rabbi-isaac-mayer-wise/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Avotaynu Online |language=en-US}} He received his early Hebrew education from his father and grandfather, later continuing his Hebrew and secular studies in Prague.

He may have received the hattarat hora'ah from the Prague bet din, composed of Rabbis Rapoport, Samuel Freund, and E. L. Teweles, or from Rabbi Falk Kohn, however there is debate as to whether he was an ordained rabbi at all.{{Cite web|title = Biography of Isaac Meyer Wise|url = http://jbuff.com/c040507.htm|website = jbuff.com|access-date = 2015-10-06|archive-date = 27 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150427123948/http://jbuff.com/c040507.htm|url-status = live}} It was even a source of controversy with his intellectual rival, Rabbi David Einhorn.{{Citation|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbJUI0syFLU|via = YouTube|title = SCRJ Symposium 2013 - Session 1| date=8 April 2013 |access-date = 2015-10-06|archive-date = 10 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310131740/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbJUI0syFLU|url-status = live}}

In 1843 he was appointed rabbi at Radneitz (now Radnice near Plzeň), where he remained for about two years. In 1846 Weis emigrated to the United States, arriving on 23 July.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQg9XG6I9CsC&q=vas+you+ever+in+zinzinnati&pg=PA31 | title=Legendary Locals of Cincinnati | publisher=Arcadia Publishing | date=4 January 2012 | access-date=2013-05-07 | author=Grace, Kevin | pages=31 | isbn=9781467100021 | archive-date=8 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211521/https://books.google.com/books?id=uQg9XG6I9CsC&q=vas+you+ever+in+zinzinnati&pg=PA31 | url-status=live }} He changed the spelling of his surname to Wise.

Reforms in Albany

In October 1846, Wise was appointed rabbi of Congregation Beth-El of Albany, New York. His eight years in that position has been described as "crucial period of his existence" and his "storm and stress period". During this time, he conceived many of his later projects.{{rp|28}} Soon after his appointment, Wise began with reforms. His congregation was the first American synagogue to:

Count women in minyan (religious quorum).
Allow men and women to sit together in family pews, doing away with the mechitza.{{cite web

|title=A Finding Aid to the Isaac Mayer Wise Papers. 1838–1931.

|author=American Jewish Archives

|access-date=22 March 2019

|url=http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/ms/ms0436/ms0436.html

|author-link=American Jewish Archives

|archive-date=28 September 2015

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928183742/http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/ms/ms0436/ms0436.html

|url-status=live

}} (Another source says this first happened in 1851 at Anshe Emeth.{{cite news

|title=The Myth of the Trefa Banquet: American Culinary Culture and the Radicalization of Food Policy in American Reform Judaism

|first=Lance J.

|last=Sussman

|magazine=American Jewish Archives Journal

|volume=57

|number=1–2

|year=2005

|pages=29–52

|url=http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/2005_57_01_02_sussman.pdf

|access-date=26 March 2019

|archive-date=17 October 2014

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017213739/http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/2005_57_01_02_sussman.pdf

|url-status=live

}})

Eliminate the bar mitzvah tradition and replace it with a later confirmation ceremony at a more informed age than 13 that allows for both boys and girls (at age 12) to participate.{{cite news

|title=Selected Writings of Isaac M. Wise: With a Biography

|first1=Isaac Mayer

|last1=Wise

|first2=David

|last2=Philipson

|first3=Louis

|last3=Grossmann

|location=Cincinnati

|publisher=Robert Clarke & Company, "published under the auspices of the Alumni Association of the Hebrew Union College

|url=https://archive.org/details/selectedwriting00assogoog/page/n5}}{{rp|35}}

Have a mixed-sex choir.

In 1850, Wise had famously remarked in reply to a question brought during a public forum with an Orthodox rabbi at Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim in Charleston, South Carolina that he did not believe in the coming of the Messiah or the resurrection of the dead.{{cite news

|title=Career of Rabbi Wise

|date=27 March 1900

|newspaper=The New York Times

|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/03/27/102582424.pdf

|access-date=12 May 2019

|archive-date=29 August 2021

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829101002/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/03/27/102582424.pdf

|url-status=live

}} A letter from the Charleston congregation documenting his statements was published, and the leaders of his synagogue Beth-El were outraged. As a result, the trustees of the synagogue dismissed him; Wise did not accept his dismissal. At the following day's service, the first day of Rosh Hashanah, at the moment when the Torah scroll was being removed from the ark, an altercation broke out between opponents and defenders of Wise. The chaos was so pronounced that the sheriff was called{{em dash}}he cleared the synagogue, locked the doors, and took the keys. This was the end of Wise's position at Temple Beth-El.{{cite news

|title=Dismissal in Albany

|first=Naphtali J.

|last=Rubinger

|magazine=American Jewish Archives Journal

|volume=24

|number=2

|date=November 1972

|pages=160–183

|url=http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5440/Diss%20in%20Albany.pdf

|access-date=20 March 2019

|archive-date=29 August 2021

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829100914/http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5440/Diss%20in%20Albany.pdf

|url-status=live

}}

Supporters of Wise formed a new congregation, Anshe Emeth. Wise remained with this congregation until 1854. In January 1852, Wise was Chaplain of the Legislature of the State of New York,{{cite news

|title=Letter to the editor (Delivered by the Rev. Dr. Wise before the State Legislature)

|author=Bassist

|newspaper=The Asmonean

|date=30 January 1852

|page=133

|url=http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5376/1852_v05_n15_133-000.pdf

|access-date=21 March 2019

|archive-date=21 March 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321165322/http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5376/1852_v05_n15_133-000.pdf

|url-status=live

}} a position supporters, including then-New York Senator William H. Seward, helped him get as Anshe Emeth was unable to pay a full salary. During this time, Wise worked on his History of the Israelitish Nation, which he stated was based on "such facts as are able to stand the test of criticism", eliminating miracles, dogmas, and doctrines, and as a general principle, distinguishing religion from history. Unable to find a publisher, he printed it at his own expense with help from friends. As he put it, "it fell into the orthodox camps like a veritable bomb".{{cite book

|pages=139–143

|first=Max B.

|last=May

|title=Isaac Mayer Wise : Founder of American Judaism : A Biography

|publisher=G.P. Putnam's

|location=New York

|year=1916

|url=http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5365/IMWise_max_may.pdf

|access-date=21 March 2019

|archive-date=6 August 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806231229/http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5365/IMWise_max_may.pdf

|url-status=live

}}

''Minhag America''

In 1847, at the suggestion of Max Lilienthal, who was at that time stationed in New York, a bet din was formed, which was to act in the capacity of an advisory committee to the congregations of the country, without, however, exercising hierarchic powers. As members of this bet din, Lilienthal named Wise and two others besides himself. At a meeting held in the spring of 1847, Wise submitted to the bet din the manuscript of a siddur to be titled the Minhag America and to be used by all the congregations of the country. No action was taken, however, until the Cleveland Conference of 1855, when a committee consisting of Wise, Rothenberg, and Isidor Kalisch was appointed to edit the siddur. This book appeared under the title Minhag America, and was practically Wise's work; it was adopted by most of the congregations of the Western and Southern states. So pronounced was Wise's desire for unity that when in 1894 the Union Prayer Book was published by the Central Conference of American Rabbis, he voluntarily retired the Minhag America from his own congregation.

As early as 1848 Wise issued a call to the "ministers and other Israelites" of the United States, urging them to form a union which might put an end to the Jewish disunity in the United States. His call appeared in the columns of The Occident, and was ably seconded by its editor, Isaac Leeser. Wise suggested that a meeting be held in the spring of 1849 in Philadelphia to establish a union of the congregations of the entire country. This meeting did not take place, but the originator of the idea never ceased advocating it, especially after he had established his own newspaper, The Israelite, in 1854 (renamed The American Israelite in 1874). In its columns he tirelessly expounded his views upon the subject. His persistence won its reward when in 1873, twenty-five years after he had first broached the idea, the Union of American Hebrew Congregations was organized in Cincinnati.

Move to Cincinnati

In 1853 Wise was offered a position as rabbi of the Beth K.K B’nai Jeshurun congregation of the Lodge Street Synagogue of Cincinnati, Ohio. He accepted on condition that it be a lifetime appointment, which the congregation agreed to. He offered to release the congregation when his controversial History of the Israelitish Nation appeared months later, but the synagogue maintained its support for him. He moved to Cincinnati in April 1854, and was rabbi of that congregation for the remaining 46 years of his life.

Shortly after his move, he began the weekly newspaper The Israelite (after 1874 The American Israelite), and a German-language supplement for women, Die Deborah. Wise was above all an organizer, and called numerous institutions into being. He organized the building of the Plum Street Temple in 1866. The temple, noted for its architectural grandeur, was renamed the Isaac M. Wise Temple in his honor.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

Hebrew Union College

Earnest as he was in proclaiming the necessity for union among the congregations, he was equally indefatigable in insisting upon the pressing need of a theological seminary for the training of rabbis for American pulpits. In his Reminiscences he gives a vivid picture of the incompetency of many of the men who posed as spiritual guides of congregations, during his early days in the United States. He had scarcely arrived in Cincinnati when, with his characteristic energy, he set to work to establish a college in which young men could receive a Jewish education. He enlisted the interest and support of a number of influential Jews of Cincinnati and adjacent towns, and in 1855 founded the Zion Collegiate Association. The venture, however, proved a failure, and the society did not succeed in opening a college. Not daunted, Wise entered upon a literary campaign, and year in and year out he presented the subject in the columns of The Israelite. Starting in 1868 the project benefited from the administrative skills of Jacob Ezekiel. His indomitable perseverance was crowned with success when, on 3 October 1875, the Hebrew Union College opened its doors for the reception of students, four of whom were ordained eight years later. In a famous incident, the 1883 "Trefa Banquet" for this first graduating class included a number of non-kosher foods; Wise was probably not responsible for it, but he refused to condemn it, and criticism from him and his movement of what he called "kitchen Judaism" spurred the splitting-off of Conservative Judaism from Reform.{{Cite news |first=John J. |last=Appel |work=Commentary |url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-trefa-banquet/ |title=The Trefa Banquet |date=February 1966 |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609095851/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-trefa-banquet/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/americanjudaismh00sarn |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanjudaismh00sarn/page/145 145] |title=American Judaism: A History |first=Jonathan D. |last=Sarna |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2005|isbn=0300109768 }}

Rabbinical conferences

The first outcome of Wise's agitation for union among the Jews was the Cleveland Conference held in 1855, and convened at his initiative. This conference was unfortunate, for, instead of uniting the rabbis of all parts of the country in a bond of fellowship, it gave rise to strained relations between Wise and his followers on one side, and prominent rabbis in the eastern part of the country on the other side. These differences were partly removed during the rabbinical conference of Philadelphia (1869), which Wise attended. The New York conference of 1870, and the Cincinnati conference of 1871 were efforts in the same direction; but a controversy ensuing from the latter served only to widen the breach. Yet was the great "unionist" not discouraged. He continued agitating for a synod which was to be the central body of authority for American Judaism. In 1881 he submitted to the meeting of the Rabbinical Literary Association a report urging the formation of a synod; but the matter never passed beyond the stage of discussion. However, he lived to see the establishment of the Central Conference of American Rabbis in 1889, which was the third enduring offspring of his tireless energy and unfailing perseverance. During the last eleven years of his life he served as president of the conference which he had called into existence.

Besides the arduous labors that the organization of these national institutions entailed, Wise was active in many other ways. In 1857, when a new treaty was to be concluded between the United States and Switzerland, he visited Washington as chairman of a delegation to protest against the ratification of this treaty unless Switzerland should cease its discrimination against American Jews. In his own city, besides officiating as rabbi of the Bene Yeshurun congregation and as president of the Hebrew Union College, he edited the American Israelite and the Deborah, served as an examiner of teachers applying for positions in public schools, and was also a member of the board of directors of the University of Cincinnati. He traveled throughout the United States, lecturing, dedicating synagogues, and enlisting the interest of the Jewish communities in his plans and projects.

Jewish-Christian relations

As part of a program to defend Judaism against the inroads of Christianity, while refusing to demonize it, Isaac Mayer Wise offered innovative and influential views of the founding figures of Christianity. He was among the earliest Jewish scholars to reclaim Jesus as a Jew, and, more controversially, to suggest that Paul was in fact the Talmudic figure Acher.{{cite book|last1=Langton|first1=Daniel|title=The Apostle Paul in the Jewish Imagination|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=77–79}}

Slavery

Wise has been criticized for his attitude toward slavery.{{cite journal

|title=Isaac Meyer Wise on the Civil War

|first=Bertram W.

|last=Korn

|author-link=Bertram Korn

|url=http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5448/Wise%20on%20Civil%20War.pdf

|pages=635–658

|journal=Hebrew Union College Annual

|volume=20

|year=1947

|access-date=20 March 2019

|archive-date=29 April 2018

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429160214/http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5448/Wise%20on%20Civil%20War.pdf

|url-status=live

}}{{cite book

|last=Temkin

|first=Sefton D.

|chapter=Isaac Mayer Wise and the Civil War

|others=(First published in American Jewish Archives, 15 (2), November 1963, pp. 120–142)

|title=Jews and the Civil War

|location=New York

|publisher=NYU Press

|pages=161–180

|editor-first1=Jonathan

|editor-last1=Sarna

|editor-first2=Adam

|editor-last2=Mendelsohn

|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/278769=

|via=Project MUSE

|access-date=10 January 2022

|archive-date=6 May 2022

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506170918/https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/278769=

|url-status=live

}} In "On the Provisional Portion of the Mosaic Code, with Special Reference to Polygamy and Slavery", an article from 1864 whose opening sentence is: "It is evident that Moses was opposed to slavery", Wise said that it was not necessarily wrong {{blockquote|to purchase savages... and secure them the benefit of civilized society... The negro race... might reap the benefit of its enslaved members, if the latter or the best instructed among them were sent back to the interior of Africa."The Israelite 11, no. 26 (23 December 1864): 204.}}

Personal life

Wise was married twice. His first wife was Therese Bloch,[http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/ms/ms0436/ms0436.html American Jewish Archives: "A Finding Aid to the Isaac Mayer Wise Papers. 1838–1931 - Manuscript Collection No. 436"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928183742/http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/ms/ms0436/ms0436.html |date=28 September 2015 }} retrieved 27 September 2015 sister of Edward H. Bloch, the founder of Bloch Publishing Company.[http://www.smu.edu/Bridwell/SpecialCollectionsandArchives/Exhibitions/BooksInTheJewishTradition/YomKippurService Southern Methodist University - Perkins School of Theology - Bridwell Library: "Books in the Jewish Tradition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929020028/http://www.smu.edu/Bridwell/SpecialCollectionsandArchives/Exhibitions/BooksInTheJewishTradition/YomKippurService |date=29 September 2015 }} retrieved 27 September 2015 They had 10 children eight of whom were living at the time of his death: Emily Wise May; Leo Wise; Julius Wise; Ida Wise Bernheim; Isidor Wise; Helen Wise Molony; Iphigene Miriam Wise Ochs, married to Adolph Ochs; and Harry Wise.{{cite book|last1=May|first1=Max Benjamin|title=Isaac Mayer Wise: The Founder of American Judaism; a Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9s-AAAAYAAJ&q=Isaac+Mayer+Wise+daughter&pg=PA380|year=1992|publisher=Littman Library of Jewish Civilization|page=380|isbn=978-0197100592|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211518/https://books.google.com/books?id=J9s-AAAAYAAJ&q=Isaac+Mayer+Wise+daughter&pg=PA380|url-status=live}} She died in 1874. In 1876, he married Selma Bondi; they had four children: Elsie Corrine Wise; Rabbi Jonah Bondi Wise; Regina Wise May; and Isaac M. Wise.

Wise had no close relation to Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise.

Works

Wise wrote:

The History of the Israelitish Nation from Abraham to the Present Time, Albany, 1854
History of the first commonwealth of the Israelite, Cincinnati, 1860
The Essence of Judaism, Cincinnati, 1861
The Origin of Christianity, and a Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles, 1868
Judaism, Its Doctrines and Duties, 1872
The Martyrdom of Jesus of Nazareth: a Historico-Critical Treatise on the Last Chapter of the Gospel, 1874
The Cosmic God, 1876
History of the Hebrews' Second Commonwealth, 1880
Judaism and Christianity, Their Agreements and Disagreements, 1883
A Defense of Judaism vs. Proselytizing Christianity, 1889
Pronaos to Holy Writ, 1891

In his early years he wrote novels, which appeared first as serials in The Israelite and later in book form:

The Convert, 1854
The Catastrophe of Eger
The Shoemaker's Family
Resignation and Fidelity, or Life and Romance
Romance, Philosophy, and Cabalah, or the Conflagration in Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1855
The Last Struggle of the Nation, 1856
The Combat of the People, or Hillel and Herod, 1858
The First of the Maccabees

He also wrote German novels, which appeared as serials in the Deborah; including:

Die Juden von Landshuth
Der Rothkopf, oder des Schulmeisters Tochter
Baruch und Sein Ideal

Wise wrote in the editorial columns of The Israelite. He also wrote two plays, "Der Maskirte Liebhaber" and "Das Glück Reich zu Sein".

During his lifetime Wise was regarded as the most prominent Reform Jew of his time in the United States.{{Jewish Encyclopedia|inline=1|title=WISE, ISAAC MAYER|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14954-wise-isaac-mayer|last1=Adler|first1=Cyrus|author-link1=Cyrus Adler|last2=Philipson|first2=David|author-link2=David Philipson|access-date=3 December 2015}}
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography:

I. M. Wise, Reminiscences, transl. from the German and ed. by David Philipson, Cincinnati, 1901;
Selected Writings of Isaac M. Wise, with a biography by David Philipson and Louis Grossmann, ib. 1900;
The American Israelite, 1854–1900, passim, and the Jubilee number, 30 June 1904.

=Links to some works of Wise=

{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/adefensejudaism00wisegoog|quote=Isaac Mayer Wise.|title=A defense of Judaism versus proselytizing Christianity|publisher=American Israelite|last1=Wise|first1=Isaac Mayer|year=1889}}
{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/martyrdomofjesus00wiserich|quote=Isaac Mayer Wise.|title=The martyrdom of Jesus of Nazareth: a historic-critical treatise on the last chapters of the Gospel|publisher=Office of the American Israelite|last1=Wise|first1=Isaac Mayer|year=1874}}
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=go5AAAAAIAAJ&q=Isaac+Mayer+Wise|title=Judaism: its doctrines and duties|last1=Wise|first1=Isaac Mayer|year=1872}}
{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/originchristian00wisegoog|quote=Isaac Mayer Wise.|title=The origin of Christianity: and a commentary to the Acts of the Apostles|publisher=Bloch|last1=Wise|first1=Isaac Mayer|year=1868}}
{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pronaostoholywr00wisegoog|quote=Isaac Mayer Wise.|title=Pronaos to Holy Writ: establishing on documentary evidence, the authorship, date, form, and contents of each of its books, and the authenticity of the Pentateuch|publisher=R. Clark|last1=Wise|first1=Isaac Mayer|year=1891}}
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFXXAAAAMAAJ&q=Isaac+Mayer+Wise|title=History of the Israelitish nation: from Abraham to the present time, Volume 1|last1=Wise|first1=Isaac Mayer|year=1854}}
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hUOAAAAYAAJ&q=Isaac+Mayer+Wise|title=The cosmic God: A fundamental philosophy in popular lectures, Volume 3|last1=Wise|first1=Isaac Mayer|year=1876|publisher=Office American Israelite and Deborah |isbn=9780598341211}}

Legacy and honors

The {{SS|Isaac Mayer Wise}}, a liberty ship in World War II, was named in his honor.
A park in North College Hill, Ohio was dedicated to Wise. In 2022, the park was renovated and re-dedicated.{{cite web|url=https://www.northcollegehill.org/336/2022-Wise-Park-Renovation|title=2022 Wise Park Renovation|work=North College Hill website|access-date=4 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904152915/https://www.northcollegehill.org/336/2022-Wise-Park-Renovation|url-status=live}}

References

External links

[https://sites.americanjewisharchives.org/collections/wise/home.php Isaac Mayer Wise Digital Archive] at the American Jewish Archives
[https://archive.today/20130211011514/http://kavia.gbv.de/DB=2.1/SET=2/TTL=1/COLMODE=1/CMD?ACT=SRCHA&IKT=1004&SRT=YOP&TRM=Wise,+Isaac+Mayer Works by Isaac Mayer Wise] in the German Union Catalogue
[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/03/30/101054441.pdf Funeral of Rabbi Wise]
{{Find a Grave|18414795}}
[http://digipres.cjh.org:1801/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE324493 Die Deborah (B63)] is a digitized periodical at the Leo Baeck Institute

{{Jewish Encyclopedia|title=Wise, Isaac Mayer|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14954-wise-isaac-mayer}}

Category:1819 births

Category:1900 deaths

Category:19th-century Austrian people

Category:American Reform rabbis

Category:American Jewish theologians

Category:Judaic scholars

Category:Rabbis from Cincinnati

Category:Jewish American non-fiction writers

Category:Presidents of Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion

Category:American male non-fiction writers

Category:American people of Bohemian descent