Islamo-leftism#2021 proposed Vidal inquiry

Essays in Libération and France 24 on the history of this term do not claim to find the definitive origin of this term. Rather, both publications trace the term to Pierre-Andre Taguieff's 2002 book entitled New Judeophobia. Taguieff describes Islamo-fascism as a type of anti-Zionism popular among the new third-worldist, neo-communist and neo-leftist configuration, better known as the 'anti-globalization movement'.{{cite news|last1=Faure|first1=Sonya|title=Islamo-gauchisme, aux origines d'une expression médiatique|url=http://www.liberation.fr/debats/2016/04/14/islamo-gauchisme-aux-origines-d-une-expression-mediatique_1445857|accessdate=19 March 2017|publisher=Liberation|date=14 April 2016}}{{cite news|title=Qu'est ce que cet "islamo-gauchisme" dont le camp Valls accuse Hamon ?|url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20170125-islamo-gauchisme-signification-manuel-valls-accuse-benoit-hamon-primaire|accessdate=28 March 2017|publisher=France 24|date=25 January 2017}} Interviewed in 2016 by Liberation journalists Sonya Faure and Frantz Durupt, Taguieff was uncertain whether he coined it or had heard it used, and points out that the phrases "Islamo-progressives" and, in the 1980s, "Palestino-progressives" were used as self-descriptions by the French left.{{cite news |last1=Guibert |first1=Philippe |date=7 October 2015 |title=Il faut inventer la "politique musulmane" de la France |url=http://www.slate.fr/story/107855/compromis-musulmans-france-manent |accessdate=2 November 2015 |publisher=Slate}} It is a neologism applied by individuals to the political alliance between leftists and Islamists.{{cite web |title=Islamo-Leftism? The Cold War origins of anti-Islamic rhetoric |url=https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/islamo-leftism |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=The University of Chicago |publisher=Russell P. Johnson |quote=Critics pointed out that the concept of “Islamo-leftism” is not even a real ideology, but a bogeyman of French right-wing talk media. No one can pin down exactly what it means, but commentators agree the term “Islamo-leftism” is an attempt by reactionary pundits to associate leftist academics with violent Islamist movements through connections that are tenuous at best and fictive at worst.}}

According to Alain Badiou and Éric Hazan, Islamo-leftists was coined by French police for reasons of simple utility.{{cite book|last1=Alain Badiou, Eric Hazan|title="Anti-Semitism is Everywhere" in France Today, Chapter in, Reflections On Anti-Semitism|date=2013|publisher=Verso Books|page=41}} Al Jazeera claims that the term Islamo-leftism was coined by Marine Le Pen, who uses it to describe what she considers an unhealthy alliance between Islamist fanatics and the French Left.{{cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Yasmine|title=French right focuses on 'radical' Muslims|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/04/201244102955800772.html|accessdate=3 November 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=6 April 2012}}

French philosopher Pascal Bruckner has said that Islamo-leftism was chiefly conceived by British Trotskyites of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). Understanding the term as the fusion between the atheist Far Left and religious radicalism,{{cite book|last1=Bruckner|first1=Pascal|title=The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism|date=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400834310|page=[https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofguiltan00bruc/page/25 25]|title-link=The Tyranny of Guilt}} Bruckner posited that because those Trotskyites perceive Islam's potential for fomenting societal unrest, they promote tactical, temporary alliances with reactionary Muslim parties. According to Bruckner, leftist adherents of Third-Worldism hope to use Islamism as a battering-ram to bring about the downfall of free-market capitalism and see the sacrifice of individual rights, in particular of women's rights, as an acceptable trade-off in service of the greater goal of destroying capitalism. Bruckner contends that Islamists, for their part, pretend to join the left in its opposition to racism, neocolonialism and globalization as a tactical and temporary means to achieve their true goal of imposing the totalitarian theocracy of Islamist government.{{cite news|last1=Pascal|first1=Julia|title=The Tyranny Of Guilt: An Essay On Western Masochism, By Pascal Bruckner, trans by Steven Rendall|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-tyranny-of-guilt-an-essay-on-western-masochism-by-pascal-bruckner-trans-by-steven-rendall-1951335.html|accessdate=2 November 2015|work=The Independent|date=22 September 2011}} The Libération essay on the origins of the term said that several commentators linked the origins of the term to former SWP Central Committee member Chris Harman and to the foundation of the Respect Party and George Galloway.

A similar term, "Islamo-Marxists" was used by the regime of the Shah of Iran in 1978, which claimed that an alliance supposedly existed between the network of exiled cleric Ruhollah Khomeini and the Communist Tudeh Party of Iran. Most notoriously, the Shah's regime had initially blamed Islamic Marxists for the December 1978 Cinema Rex Fire in Tehran, one of the causes of the 1979 Iranian Revolution.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/lg/iran/2009/01/090131_ir_revolution_timeline|title=BBC فارسی - ايران - گاهشمار انقلاب|language=fa|access-date=1 January 2018}}

The term first began entering mainstream discourse in France in the debate over the French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools in 2003 and 2004. Le Monde used the term for the first time in print in September 2004.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/d-ou-vient-l-expression-d-islamo-gauchisme_AN-202010230280.html|title = D'Où vient l'expression d'"islamo-gauchisme"?| date=23 October 2020 }}

According to research led by David Chavalarias of the French National Centre for Scientific Research, the term was used in 0,032% of Twitter posts about French politics between 2017 and 2020, with a significant spike beginning in 2019, after ministers in the Castex government began using the term in official statements. The research found that term was most often used in hostilities between political communities and was often associated with terms such as "traitor," "enemy of the Republic," and "shame". The research further found that the term was particularly aimed against left-wing groups in France and was most often used by accounts associated with the far-right and by accounts that had been suspended by Twitter.{{Cite web|url=https://politoscope.org/2021/02/islamogauchisme-le-piege-de-lalt-right-se-referme-sur-la-macronie/|title = "Islamogauchisme" : Le piège de l'Alt-right se referme sur la Macronie|date = 21 February 2021}}

In February 2021, French Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation Frédérique Vidal stated that Islamo-leftism was plaguing society and announced that she would formally ask the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) to lead an inquiry to examine whether it and post-colonialism were interfering with academic research in France.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20210216.OBS40320/islamo-gauchisme-a-l-universite-vidal-veut-une-enquete-du-cnrs-des-presidents-denoncent-une-polemique-sterile.html|title = " Islamo-gauchisme » à l'université : Vidal lance une enquête, des présidents dénoncent une « polémique stérile "|date = 16 February 2021}}

Vidal's announcement was met with significant controversy. The Conférence des présidents d'université called the term a "pseudo-notion" lacking a rigorous definition and stated it was shocked at "the launch of another sterile debate."{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpu.fr/actualite/islamo-gauchisme-stopper-la-confusion-et-les-polemiques-steriles/|title=" Islamo-gauchisme " : Stopper la confusion et les polémiques stériles|date=2021|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202132700/http://www.cpu.fr/actualite/islamo-gauchisme-stopper-la-confusion-et-les-polemiques-steriles/|url-status=dead}} Over 600 academic professors and researchers signed an open letter in Le Monde denouncing the inquiry, saying that Vidal was "defaming a profession and a community which, as Minister for Higher Education, she is supposed to be protecting" and saying that inquiry was reminiscent of the "anti-gender movement" and other attempts to suppress research into colonialism and racism, such as in Poland, Hungary, and Brazil.{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2021/02/20/islamo-gauchisme-nous-universitaires-et-chercheurs-demandons-avec-force-la-demission-de-frederique-vidal_6070663_3232.html|title = " Islamo-gauchisme » : « Nous, universitaires et chercheurs, demandons avec force la démission de Frédérique Vidal "|newspaper = Le Monde.fr|date = 20 February 2021}} In an editorial, Le Monde accused the government of "attacking academic freedom and of trying to create a distraction from its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in France".{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2021/02/19/islamo-gauchisme-vidal-darmanin-jeu-dangereux_6070519_3232.html|title=" Islamo-gauchisme " : Vidal, Darmanin, jeu dangereux|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=19 February 2021}} The CNRS itself said that the concept "does not correspond to any scientific reality" and denounced "those would use it to attack academic freedom."{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnrs.fr/fr/l-islamogauchisme-nest-pas-une-realite-scientifique|title = L'" islamogauchisme " n'est pas une réalité scientifique | CNRS| date=17 February 2021 }}

Within the French cabinet, opinions were divided, with government spokesperson Gabriel Attal saying that if the phenomenon exists, it's "extremely marginal," and with coalition partner François Bayrou saying that "in the universities that I know, that's not what's happening."{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/fil-dactualites/180221/bayrou-l-islamo-gauchisme-n-est-pas-le-premier-probleme-de-l-universite|title = Bayrou: L'" islamo-gauchisme " n'est « pas le premier problème de L| date=18 February 2021 }} On the other hand, Minister of National Education Jean-Michel Blanquer said that it was an undoubtable social fact and Minister of the Interior Gérald Darmanin said that it would disregarding the truth to pretend that universities, public services, and associations haven't been affected by Islamism backed by the left.{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2021/02/22/emmanuel-macron-empetre-dans-le-debat-sur-l-islamo-gauchisme_6070756_823448.html|title=Emmanuel Macron empêtré dans le débat sur l'" islamo-gauchisme "|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=22 February 2021}} Five days after making the announcement, Vidal said that "of course, the term doesn't have a scientific definition, but it corresponds to what a lot of our fellow citizens are feeling and to a certain number of facts," and defended the inquiry, saying that there is a need to take stock of the situation in the country.{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2021/02/21/islamo-gauchisme-frederique-vidal-denonce-un-proces-d-intention-a-son-egard_6070688_3224.html|title = " Islamo-gauchisme " : Frédérique Vidal dénonce un " procès d'intention " à son égard|newspaper = Le Monde.fr|date = 21 February 2021}}

Shireen Hunter credits Islamo-leftist Mahmoud Taleghani's reinterpretation of Islam in the light of Marxist theory in the 1970s with inspiring the group Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. The result she says was the radicalization of Islamic discourse and the emergence of what she describes as a 'Leftist Islam'.{{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=Shireen|title=Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313381942|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLtA_J3VUt4C&dq=%22islamo-leftist%22&pg=PA27|accessdate=26 March 2017}} According to Olivier Roy, the three major Iranian political groups—leftist, Islamist and Islamo-leftist—active in the 1970s had revolutionary rather than liberal democratic ideologies.{{Cite book |last=Diamond |first=Larry |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book.72239 |title=Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Arab World |date=2014 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1-4214-1416-4 |pages=41|doi=10.1353/book.72239 }}

Political scientist Maurice Fraser regards Islamo-leftism as part of a striking and recent abdication of the Enlightenment project of human rights, freedom, secularism, science and progress on the part of the political left, particularly among the anti-globalization activists of the New Left.{{cite journal|last1=Fraser|first1=Maurice|title=Is the Decline of the West Reversible?|journal=European View|date=11 November 2010|volume=9|issue=2|page=149|doi=10.1007/s12290-010-0128-0|s2cid=154918231}}

Bernard-Henri Lévy has described Islamo-leftism as this grand new alliance between the reds, greens and the new browns, of the axis which runs from Le Monde diplomatique to the death squads{{cite news|last=Walden|first=George|title=Public Enemies; Two French intellectuals fight it out.|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2011/12/levy-houellebecq-french|accessdate=19 March 2017|publisher=New Statesman|date=5 December 2011|author1-link=George Walden}} and as a sort of anti-American religion.{{cite book|last=Lévy |first=Bernard-Henri|title=Left in Dark Times: A Stand Against the New Barbarism|date=2009|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0812974720|page=[https://archive.org/details/leftindarktimes00bern/page/114 114]|url=https://archive.org/details/leftindarktimes00bern/page/114|author1-link=Bernard-Henri Lévy}} According to Mark Silinsky of the United States Army War College, Islamo-leftism is alliance of Islamists and leftists in opposition to Western values that can also be also referred to as the red-green-brown axis.{{cite book|last1=Silinsky|first1=Mark|title=Jihad and the West: Black Flag over Babylon|date=2016|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253027207|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpZNDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22islamo-leftism%22&pg=PA49}} Silinsky characterizes the black-green alliance between Black Lives Matter and the Council on American–Islamic Relations as an example of Islamo-leftism. Alvin Hirsch Rosenfeld describes Islamo-leftism as the hope, entertained by a revolutionary fringe, of seeing Islam become the spearhead of a new insurrection, engaged in a Holy War/Crusade/Jihad against global capitalism.{{cite book|last1=Rosenfeld|first1=Alvin H.|title=Deciphering the New Antisemitism|date=2015|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253018694|jstor=j.ctt18crxz7|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibfkCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22islamo-leftism%22&pg=PA12}}

According to Robert S. Wistrich, "[a] poisonous anti-Jewish legacy can be found in Marx, Fourier, and Proudhon, extending through the orthodox Communists and non-conformist Trotskyists to the Islamo-Leftist hybrids of today who systematically vilify the so-called racist essence of the Jewish State".{{cite book|last1=Robert|first1=Wistrich|title=From Ambivalence to Betrayal: The Left, the Jews, and Israel|date=2012|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0803240834|page=xii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBvt4Fwc5XoC&dq=%22islamo-leftist%22&pg=PR12|accessdate=26 March 2017}}

Writing for the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, human rights lawyer Yasser Louati called the term "a testimony to how the center of gravity of French politics has shifted toward the far-right" and that the "controversy around Islamo-leftism and the subsequent witch hunt express another not so admissible opinion: that universities are there to legitimize the status quo, not to question it."{{Cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/what-does-islamo-gauchisme-mean-for-the-future-of-france-and-democracy|title=What Does Islamo-Gauchisme Mean for the Future of France and Democracy?}} Sébastien Ledoux of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University has said that the term has been "hijacked by right-wing journalists and intellectuals to denounce a part of the left that, in their eyes, had fallen into the trap of multiculturalism by questioning national unity and national values."{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2021.1968149|doi=10.1080/14623528.2021.1968149|title=National History in France: From Debate to Cultural Battle|year=2021|last1=Ledoux|first1=Sébastien|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=1–10|s2cid=239651351|url-access=subscription}} Political sociologist Audrey Célistine of the University of Lille has called the term "a form of McCarthyism."{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/170221/islamo-gauchisme-vidal-provoque-la-consternation-chez-les-chercheurs|title = "Islamo-gauchisme": Vidal provoque la consternation chez les cherch| date=17 February 2021 }}

University College London professor of French politics Philippe Marlière compared the term to the antisemitic canard Jewish Bolshevism, stating that "no one has ever been able to define exactly what an 'islamo-leftist' is" and that research on intersectionality was "unpalatable to the government which upholds the view that there is no structural sexism and racism in France, or nothing to discuss about France's colonial past."{{Cite web|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/islamo-leftism-word-smear-and-silence-french-academics|title = 'Islamo-leftism': A sinister word meant to smear and silence French academics| work=The New Arab |date = 19 February 2021 | last1=Marlière | first1=Philippe }} Anthropologist Didier Fassin has said that use of the term "revealed an improbable convergence between Macron's En Marche and Le Pen's Rassemblement National, on the one hand, and a reactionary segment of France's intellectual world on the other" and that "a remarkable feature of this movement is its disregard for the international literature nourishing these new ideas. Instead of understanding them, it appears more interested in caricaturing them."{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/12/academics-french-republic-macron-islamo-leftism|last=Fassin|first=Didier|title=Are 'woke' academics a threat to the French republic? Ask Macron's ministers|type=opinion|work=The Guardian|date=12 March 2021}}

French sociologist and philosopher Raphael Liogier has said that "left-wing intellectuals have long deserted this fascination [of alliances with Islamist]" and that "paradoxically, it is at the moment when this doesn't fascinate anyone on the left, in academia or elsewhere that they are accused of Islamo-leftism. This is suspect, bizarre and incoherent."{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/france-islam-leftism-macron-muslims-academia-elections|title = France: What is the 'Islamo-leftism' debate really about?}} Reza Zia-Ebrahimi of King's College London has said that understanding the origins of the concept "is crucial in highlighting the deep resonance of Islamophobia denial with the New Philosophers' decades-old offensive against the left" and "that the New Philosophers have thrown their weight behind Islamophobia denial is significant in light of the jaw-dropping extent of their air time on radio and television, the sheer number of publications they author, their enormous influence on the French political and media elite and (not to be underestimated) their international standing."{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0031322X.2020.1857047|doi = 10.1080/0031322X.2020.1857047|title = The French origins of 'Islamophobia denial'|year = 2020|last1 = Zia-Ebrahimi|first1 = Reza|journal = Patterns of Prejudice|volume = 54|issue = 4|pages = 315–346|s2cid = 232093242|url-access = subscription}}

Russell P. Johnson of the University of Chicago Divinity School has said that "as many Americans' perspectives shifted in the 1990s from seeing communism as the United States' main antagonist to seeing militant Islamism (and often, by extension, Islam) as the United States' main antagonist, some people interpreted have Islam on analogy with communism, refusing to acknowledge evidence to the contrary."{{Cite web|url=https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/islamo-leftism|title=Islamo-Leftism?|publisher=The University of Chicago Divinity School}}

• Axis of evil
• Crypto-Islam
• Horseshoe theory
• Islamic socialism
• Jewish Bolshevism
• Political religion
• Pseudo-Secularism
• Red-green-brown alliance
• Regressive left
• RESIST (electoral list)
• Victim playing
• Żydokomuna

{{reflist|2}}

{{refbegin|40em}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Ackerman |first1=Gary A. |last2=Bale |first2=Jeffrey M. |title=The potential for collaboration between Islamists and Western left-wing extremists: A theoretical and empirical introduction |journal=Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict |volume=5 |issue=3 |year=2012 |issn=1746-7586 |doi=10.1080/17467586.2012.745197 |pages=151–171|s2cid=144822372 }}
• {{cite thesis |last=Bacon |first=Tricia L. |title=Strange Bedfellows Or Brothers-in-Arms: Why Terrorist Groups Ally |publisher=Georgetown University |year=2013 |type=PhD |isbn=9781303603518 |id={{ProQuest|1475251620}} }}
• {{cite journal |last=Benedek |first=Eran |year=2007 |title=Britain's Respect Party: The Leftist-Islamist Alliance and its Attitude Toward Israel |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=19 |pages=153–163 |number=3 |jstor=25834757}}
• {{cite book|last=Browers|first=Michaele L.|title=Political Ideology in the Arab World|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511626814|isbn=978-0-511-62681-4}}
• {{cite journal|last=Clark|first=Janine A.|title=The Conditions of Islamist Moderation: Unpacking Cross-Ideological Cooperation in Jordan|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=38|issue=4|date=November 2006|pages=539–560|jstor=4129147|doi=10.1017/S0020743806412460 }}
• {{cite book |last=Evren |first=Süreyyya |year=2012 |chapter=There Ain’t No Black in the Anarchist Flag! Race, Ethnicity and Anarchism |pages=299–314 |editor-last=Kinna |editor-first=Ruth |title=The continuum companion to anarchism |publisher=Continuum |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2 |oclc=799764722 }}
• {{cite web |last=Hughes |first=Zachary |title=Noam Chomsky's Support for Hezbollah |website=CAMERA: Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America |date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.camera.org/article/noam-chomsky-s-support-for-hezbollah/}}
• {{cite news |last=Hussain |first=Ghaffar |title=An unlikely alliance |work=The Guardian |date=30 September 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/sep/30/islam.religion}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Hyde |first=Dave |title=Europe's Other Red-Green Alliance |magazine=Zeek |date=February 2003 |url=http://www.zeek.net/politics_0304.shtml}}
• {{cite journal |last=Kandil |first=Hazem |title=Islamizing Egypt? Testing the limits of Gramscian counterhegemonic strategies |journal=Theory and Society |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=2011 |issn=0304-2421 |doi=10.1007/s11186-010-9135-z |pages=37–62|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Karagiannis |first1=Emmanuel |last2=McCauley |first2=Clark |title=The Emerging Red-Green Alliance: Where Political Islam Meets the Radical Left |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=25 |issue=2 |year=2013 |issn=0954-6553 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2012.755815 |pages=167–182|s2cid=145484343 }}
• {{cite news |last=Ritchie |first=Emily |date=4 April 2017 |title=Ayaan Hirsi Ali slams protesters who prevented her visit to Australia |work=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/ayaan-hirsi-ali-hits-back-at-muslim-women-for-carrying-water-for-extremists/news-story/163a1a49c66d32a5501718d2984894ed |archive-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170404092556/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/ayaan-hirsi-ali-hits-back-at-muslim-women-for-carrying-water-for-extremists/news-story/163a1a49c66d32a5501718d2984894ed |access-date=26 May 2018 |url-status=live }}
• Schwedler, Jillian, and Janine A. Clark, "Islamist-Leftist Cooperation in the Arab World," ISIM Review, Vol. 18 (2006), pp. 10–11.
• {{cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Gerald M. |title=The War Against Israel |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=6 June 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704025304575283832128809598|url-access=subscription}}
• {{cite news |last=Tzvi |first=Fleischer |date=8 June 2006 |title=The far Left and radical Islamist international alliance |work=The Australian |page=11 |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=200606081011831971&site=ehost-live&scope=site}}

{{refend}}

Category:Political neologisms

Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in France

Category:Conspiracy theories involving Muslims

Category:2010s neologisms

Category:Left-wing politics

Category:Syncretic political movements

Category:Communism

Category:Socialism

Category:Islamism

Category:Conspiracy theories involving communism