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Isotopes of bromine

{{Short description|none}}

{{Infobox bromine isotopes}}

Bromine (35Br) has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, and 35 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 77Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Like the radioactive isotopes of iodine, radioisotopes of bromine, collectively radiobromine, can be used to label biomolecules for nuclear medicine; for example, the positron emitters 75Br and 76Br can be used for positron emission tomography.{{cite journal |last1=Coenen |first1=Heinz H. |last2=Ermert |first2=Johannes |title=Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18 |journal=Nuclear Medicine and Biology |date=January 2021 |volume=92 |pages=241–269 |doi=10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.003|pmid=32900582 }}{{cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Michael J. |last2=Mcelvany |first2=Karen D. |title=Radionuclides of Bromine for Use in Biomedical Studies |journal=Ract |date=1 October 1983 |volume=34 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–46 |doi=10.1524/ract.1983.34.12.41}} Radiobromine has the advantage that organobromides are more stable than analogous organoiodides, and that it is not uptaken by the thyroid like iodine.{{cite journal |last1=Lambert |first1=F. |last2=Slegers |first2=G. |last3=Hermanne |first3=α. |last4=Mertens |first4=J. |title=Production and Purification of 77 Br Suitable for Labeling Monoclonal Antibodies Used in Tumor Imaging |journal=Ract |date=1 June 1994 |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=223–226 |doi=10.1524/ract.1994.65.4.223}}

List of isotopes

{{Anchor|Bromine-65|Bromine-66|Bromine-67|Bromine-69m1|Bromine-69m2}}

{{Isotopes table

|symbol=Br

|refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II

|notes=m, unc(), mass#, spin(), spin#, daughter-nst, daughter-st, IT, n, p

}}

|-id=Bromine-68

| 68Br{{cite journal |last=Wimmer |first=K. |display-authors=et al. |title=Discovery of 68Br in secondary reactions of radioactive beams |date=2019 |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=795 |pages=266–270 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2019.06.014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333741107 |arxiv=1906.04067|bibcode=2019PhLB..795..266W |s2cid=182953245 }}

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 33

| 67.95836(28)#

| ~35 ns

| p?

| 67Se

| 3+#

|

|

|-id=Bromine-69

| 69Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 34

| 68.950338(45)

| <19 ns

| p

| 68Se

| (5/2−)

|

|

|-id=Bromine-70

| rowspan=2|70Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2|69.944792(16)

| rowspan=2|78.8(3) ms

| β+

| 70Se

| rowspan=2|0+

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β+, p?

| 69As

|-id=Bromine-70m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 70mBr

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2292.3(8) keV

| rowspan=2|2.16(5) s

| β+

| 70Se

| rowspan=2|9+

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β+, p?

| 69As

|-id=Bromine-71

| 71Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 36

| 70.9393422(58)

| 21.4(6) s

| β+

| 71Se

| (5/2)−

|

|

|-id=Bromine-72

| 72Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 37

| 71.9365946(11)

| 78.6(24) s

| β+

| 72Se

| 1+

|

|

|-id=Bromine-72m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 72mBr

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100.76(15) keV

| rowspan=2|10.6(3) s

| IT

| 72Br

| rowspan=2|(3−)

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β+?

| 72Se

|-id=Bromine-73

| 73Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 38

| 72.9316734(72)

| 3.4(2) min

| β+

| 73Se

| 1/2−

|

|

|-id=Bromine-74

| 74Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 39

| 73.9299103(63)

| 25.4(3) min

| β+

| 74Se

| (0−)

|

|

|-id=Bromine-74m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 74mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.58(21) keV

| 46(2) min

| β+

| 74Se

| 4+

|

|

|-

| rowspan=2|75Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 40

| rowspan=2|74.9258106(46)

| rowspan=2|96.7(13) min

| β+ (76%)

| 75Se

| rowspan=2|3/2−

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| EC (24%)

| 75Se

|-

| rowspan=2|76Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41

| rowspan=2|75.924542(10)

| rowspan=2|16.2(2) h

| β+ (57%)

| 76Se

| rowspan=2|1−

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| EC (43%)

| 76Se

|-id=Bromine-76m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 76mBr

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 102.58(3) keV

| rowspan=2|1.31(2) s

| IT (>99.4%)

| 76Br

| rowspan=2|(4)+

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β+ (<0.6%)

| 76Se

|-

| rowspan=2|77Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42

| rowspan=2|76.9213792(30)

| rowspan=2|57.04(12) h

| EC (99.3%){{cite journal |last1=Kassis |first1=A. I. |last2=Adelstein |first2=S. J. |last3=Haydock |first3=C. |last4=Sastry |first4=K. S. R. |last5=McElvany |first5=K. D. |last6=Welch |first6=M. J. |title=Lethality of Auger Electrons from the Decay of Bromine-77 in the DNA of Mammalian Cells |journal=Radiation Research |date=May 1982 |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=362 |doi=10.2307/3575714 |jstor=3575714 |bibcode=1982RadR...90..362K |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3575714.pdf |issn=0033-7587}}

| 77Se

| rowspan=2|3/2−

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β+ (0.7%)

| 77Se

|-id=Bromine-77m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 77mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 105.86(8) keV

| 4.28(10) min

| IT

| 77Br

| 9/2+

|

|

|-id=Bromine-78

| rowspan=2|78Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43

| rowspan=2|77.9211459(38)

| rowspan=2|6.45(4) min

| β+ (>99.99%)

| 78Se

| rowspan=2|1+

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β− (<0.01%)

| 78Kr

|-id=Bromine-78m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 78mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 180.89(13) keV

| 119.4(10) μs

| IT

| 78Br

| (4+)

|

|

|-id=Bromine-79

| 79Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 44

| 78.9183376(11)

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 3/2−

| 0.5065(9)

|

|-id=Bromine-79m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 79mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 207.61(9) keV

| 4.85(4) s

| IT

| 79Br

| 9/2+

|

|

|-id=Bromine-80

| rowspan=2|80Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45

| rowspan=2|79.9185298(11)

| rowspan=2|17.68(2) min

| β− (91.7%)

| 80Kr

| rowspan=2|1+

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β+ (8.3%)

| 80Se

|-id=Bromine-80m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 80mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 85.843(4) keV

| 4.4205(8) h

| IT

| 80Br

| 5−

|

|

|-id=Bromine-81

| 81Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 46

| 80.9162882(10)

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 3/2−

| 0.4935(9)

|

|-id=Bromine-81m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 81mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 536.20(9) keV

| 34.6(28) μs

| IT

| 81Br

| 9/2+

|

|

|-id=Bromine-82

| 82Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 47

| 81.9168018(10)

| 35.282(7) h

| β−

| 82Kr

| 5−

|

|

|-id=Bromine-82m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 82mBr

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 45.9492(10) keV

| rowspan=2|6.13(5) min

| IT (97.6%)

| 82Br

| rowspan=2|2−

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β− (2.4%)

| 82Kr

|-id=Bromine-83

| 83Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 48

| 82.9151753(41)

| 2.374(4) h

| β−

| 83Kr

| 3/2−

|

|

|-id=Bromine-83m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 83mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3069.2(4) keV

| 729(77) ns

| IT

| 83Br

| (19/2−)

|

|

|-id=Bromine-84

| 84Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 49

| 83.9165136(17){{cite journal |last1=Jaries |first1=A. |last2=Stryjczyk |first2=M. |last3=Kankainen |first3=A. |last4=Ayoubi |first4=L. Al |last5=Beliuskina |first5=O. |last6=Canete |first6=L. |last7=de Groote |first7=R. P. |last8=Delafosse |first8=C. |last9=Delahaye |first9=P. |last10=Eronen |first10=T. |last11=Flayol |first11=M. |last12=Ge |first12=Z. |last13=Geldhof |first13=S. |last14=Gins |first14=W. |last15=Hukkanen |first15=M. |last16=Imgram |first16=P. |last17=Kahl |first17=D. |last18=Kostensalo |first18=J. |last19=Kujanpää |first19=S. |last20=Kumar |first20=D. |last21=Moore |first21=I. D. |last22=Mougeot |first22=M. |last23=Nesterenko |first23=D. A. |last24=Nikas |first24=S. |last25=Patel |first25=D. |last26=Penttilä |first26=H. |last27=Pitman-Weymouth |first27=D. |last28=Pohjalainen |first28=I. |last29=Raggio |first29=A. |last30=Ramalho |first30=M. |last31=Reponen |first31=M. |last32=Rinta-Antila |first32=S. |last33=de Roubin |first33=A. |last34=Ruotsalainen |first34=J. |last35=Srivastava |first35=P. C. |last36=Suhonen |first36=J. |last37=Vilen |first37=M. |last38=Virtanen |first38=V. |last39=Zadvornaya |first39=A. |title=Physical Review C - Accepted Paper: Isomeric states of fission fragments explored via Penning trap mass spectrometry at IGISOL |journal=journals.aps.org |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/accepted/fe077P3cDac1f601a8c16c34b19fb124fc3509f19 |arxiv=2403.04710}}

| 31.76(8) min

| β−

| 84Kr

| 2−

|

|

|-id=Bromine-84m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 84m1Br

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 193.6(15) keV

| 6.0(2) min

| β−

| 84Kr

| (6)−

|

|

|-id=Bromine-84m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 84m2Br

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 408.2(4) keV

| <140 ns

| IT

| 84Br

| 1+

|

|

|-id=Bromine-85

| 85Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 50

| 84.9156458(33)

| 2.90(6) min

| β−

| 85Kr

| 3/2−

|

|

|-id=Bromine-86

| 86Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 51

| 85.9188054(33)

| 55.1(4) s

| β−

| 86Kr

| (1−)

|

|

|-id=Bromine-87

| rowspan=2|87Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52

| rowspan=2|86.9206740(34)

| rowspan=2|55.68(12) s

| β− (97.40%)

| 87Kr

| rowspan=2|5/2−

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β−, n (2.60%)

| 86Kr

|-id=Bromine-88

| rowspan=2|88Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53

| rowspan=2|87.9240833(34)

| rowspan=2|16.34(8) s

| β− (93.42%)

| 88Kr

| rowspan=2|(1−)

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β−, n (6.58%)

| 87Kr

|-id=Bromine-88m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 88mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270.17(11) keV

| 5.51(4) μs

| IT

| 88Br

| (4−)

|

|

|-id=Bromine-89

| rowspan=2|89Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54

| rowspan=2|88.9267046(35)

| rowspan=2|4.357(22) s

| β− (86.2%)

| 89Kr

| rowspan=2|(3/2−, 5/2−)

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β−, n (13.8%)

| 88Kr

|-id=Bromine-90

| rowspan=2|90Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55

| rowspan=2|89.9312928(36)

| rowspan=2|1.910(10) s

| β− (74.7%)

| 90Kr

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β−, n (25.3%)

| 89Kr

|-id=Bromine-91

| rowspan=2|91Br

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56

| rowspan=2|90.9343986(38)

| rowspan=2|543(4) ms

| β− (70.5%)

| 91Kr

| rowspan=2|5/2−#

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β−, n (29.5%)

| 90Kr

|-id=Bromine-92

| rowspan=3|92Br

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57

| rowspan=3|91.9396316(72)

| rowspan=3|314(16) ms

| β− (66.9%)

| 92Kr

| rowspan=3|(2−)

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

|-

| β−, n (33.1%)

| 91Kr

|-

| β−, 2n?

| 90Kr

|-id=Bromine-92m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 92m1Br

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 662(1) keV

| 88(8) ns

| IT

| 92Br

|

|

|

|-id=Bromine-92m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 92m2Br

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1138(1) keV

| 85(10) ns

| IT

| 92Br

|

|

|

|-id=Bromine-93

| rowspan=3|93Br

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58

| rowspan=3|92.94322(46)

| rowspan=3|152(8) ms

| β−, n (64%)

| 92Kr

| rowspan=3|5/2−#

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

|-

| β− (36%)

| 93Kr

|-

| β−, 2n?

| 91Kr

|-id=Bromine-94

| rowspan=3|94Br

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59

| rowspan=3|93.94885(22)#

| rowspan=3|70(20) ms

| β−, n (68%)

| 93Kr

| rowspan=3|2−#

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

|-

| β− (32%)

| 94Kr

|-

| β−, 2n?

| 92Kr

|-id=Bromine-94m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 94mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 294.6(5) keV

| 530(15) ns

| IT

| 94Br

|

|

|

|-id=Bromine-95

| rowspan=3|95Br

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60

| rowspan=3|94.95293(32)#

| rowspan=3|80# ms [>300 ns]

| β−?

| 95Kr

| rowspan=3|5/2−#

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

|-

| β−, n?

| 94Kr

|-

| β−, 2n?

| 93Kr

|-id=Bromine-95m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 95mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 537.9(5) keV

| 6.8(10) μs

| IT

| 95Br

|

|

|

|-id=Bromine-96

| rowspan=3|96Br

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61

| rowspan=3|95.95898(32)#

| rowspan=3|20# ms [>300 ns]

| β−?

| 96Kr

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

|-

| β−, n?

| 95Kr

|-

| β−, 2n?

| 94Kr

|-id=Bromine-96m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 96mBr

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 311.5(5) keV

| 3.0(9) μs

| IT

| 95Br

|

|

|

|-id=Bromine-97

| rowspan=3|97Br

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 62

| rowspan=3|96.96350(43)#

| rowspan=3|40# ms [>300 ns]

| β−?

| 97Kr

| rowspan=3|5/2−#

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

|-

| β−, n?

| 96Kr

|-

| β−, 2n?

| 95Kr

|-id=Bromine-98

| rowspan=3|98Br

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 63

| rowspan=3|97.96989(43)#

| rowspan=3|15# ms [>400 ns]

| β−?

| 98Kr

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

|-

| β−, n?

| 97Kr

|-

| β−, 2n?

| 96Kr

|-id=Bromine-99

| 99Br{{cite journal |last1=Shimizu |first1=Y. |last2=Kubo |first2=T. |last3=Sumikama |first3=T. |last4=Fukuda |first4=N. |last5=Takeda |first5=H. |last6=Suzuki |first6=H. |last7=Ahn |first7=D. S. |last8=Inabe |first8=N. |last9=Kusaka |first9=K. |last10=Ohtake |first10=M. |last11=Yanagisawa |first11=Y. |last12=Yoshida |first12=K. |last13=Ichikawa |first13=Y. |last14=Isobe |first14=T. |last15=Otsu |first15=H. |last16=Sato |first16=H. |last17=Sonoda |first17=T. |last18=Murai |first18=D. |last19=Iwasa |first19=N. |last20=Imai |first20=N. |last21=Hirayama |first21=Y. |last22=Jeong |first22=S. C. |last23=Kimura |first23=S. |last24=Miyatake |first24=H. |last25=Mukai |first25=M. |last26=Kim |first26=D. G. |last27=Kim |first27=E. |last28=Yagi |first28=A. |title=Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam |journal=Physical Review C |date=8 April 2024 |volume=109 |issue=4 |page=044313 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313}}

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 64

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-id=Bromine-100

| 100Br

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| style="text-align:right" | 65

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-id=Bromine-101

| 101Br{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614|title = Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110|year = 2021|last1 = Sumikama|first1 = T.|last2 = Fukuda|first2 = N.|last3 = Inabe|first3 = N.|last4 = Kameda|first4 = D.|last5 = Kubo|first5 = T.|last6 = Shimizu|first6 = Y.|last7 = Suzuki|first7 = H.|last8 = Takeda|first8 = H.|last9 = Yoshida|first9 = K.|last10 = Baba|first10 = H.|last11 = Browne|first11 = F.|last12 = Bruce|first12 = A. M.|last13 = Carroll|first13 = R.|last14 = Chiga|first14 = N.|last15 = Daido|first15 = R.|last16 = Didierjean|first16 = F.|last17 = Doornenbal|first17 = P.|last18 = Fang|first18 = Y.|last19 = Gey|first19 = G.|last20 = Ideguchi|first20 = E.|last21 = Isobe|first21 = T.|last22 = Lalkovski|first22 = S.|last23 = Li|first23 = Z.|last24 = Lorusso|first24 = G.|last25 = Lozeva|first25 = R.|last26 = Nishibata|first26 = H.|last27 = Nishimura|first27 = S.|last28 = Nishizuka|first28 = I.|last29 = Odahara|first29 = A.|last30 = Patel|first30 = Z.|journal = Physical Review C|volume = 103| issue=1 | page=014614 | bibcode=2021PhRvC.103a4614S |s2cid = 234019083|display-authors = 1|hdl = 10261/260248|hdl-access = free}}

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{{Isotopes table/footer}}

Bromine-75

Bromine-75 has a half-life of 97 minutes.{{NUBASE2020}} This isotope undergoes β+ decay rather than electron capture about 76% of the time, so it was used for diagnosis and positron emission tomography (PET) in the 1980s. However, its decay product, selenium-75, produces secondary radioactivity with a longer half-life of 120.4 days.

Bromine-76

Bromine-76 has a half-life of 16.2 hours. While its decay is more energetic than 75Br and has lower yield of positrons (about 57% of decays), bromine-76 has been preferred in PET applications since the 1980s because of its longer half-life and easier synthesis, and because its decay product, 76Se, is not radioactive.

Bromine-77

Bromine-77 is the most stable radioisotope of bromine, with a half-life of 57 hours. Although β+ decay is possible for this isotope, about 99.3% of decays are by electron capture. Despite its complex emission spectrum, featuring strong gamma-ray emissions at 239, 297, 521, and 579 keV,{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Balraj |last2=Nica |first2=Ninel |title=Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 77 |journal=Nuclear Data Sheets |date=May 2012 |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=1115–1314 |doi=10.1016/j.nds.2012.05.001|bibcode=2012NDS...113.1115S }} 77Br was used in SPECT imaging in the 1970s.{{cite journal |last1=Amjed |first1=N. |last2=Kaleem |first2=N. |last3=Wajid |first3=A.M. |last4=Naz |first4=A. |last5=Ahmad |first5=I. |title=Evaluation of the cross section data for the low and medium energy cyclotron production of 77Br radionuclide |journal=Radiation Physics and Chemistry |date=January 2024 |volume=214 |pages=111286 |doi=10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.111286}} However, except for longer-term tracing, this is no longer considered practical due to the difficult collimator requirements and the proximity of the 521 keV line to the 511 keV annihilation radiation related to the β+ decay. The Auger electrons emitted during decay are nevertheless well-suited for radiotherapy, and 77Br can possibly be paired with the imaging-suited 76Br (produced as an impurity in common synthesis routes) for this application.

References

{{Reflist}}

  • Isotope masses from:
  • {{NUBASE 2003}}
  • Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
  • {{CIAAW2003}}
  • {{CIAAW 2005}}
  • Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
  • {{NUBASE 2003}}
  • {{NNDC}}
  • {{CRC85|chapter=11}}

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Category:Bromine

Bromine