Isotopes of gallium#Gallium-73

Natural gallium (₃₁Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Twenty-nine radioisotopes are known, all synthetic, with atomic masses ranging from 60 to 89; along with three nuclear isomers, ^64mGa, ^72mGa and ^74mGa. Most of the isotopes with atomic mass numbers below 69 decay to isotopes of zinc, while most of the isotopes with masses above 71 decay to isotopes of germanium. Among them, the most commercially important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68.

Gallium-67 (half-life 3.3 days) is a gamma-emitting isotope (the gamma ray emitted immediately after electron capture) used in standard nuclear medical imaging, in procedures usually referred to as gallium scans. It is usually used as the free ion, Ga³⁺. It is the longest-lived radioisotope of gallium.

The shorter-lived gallium-68 (half-life 68 minutes) is a positron-emitting isotope generated in very small quantities from germanium-68 in gallium-68 generators or in much greater quantities by proton bombardment of ⁶⁸Zn in low-energy medical cyclotrons,{{cite journal |last1=Kumlin |first1=J |last2=Dam |first2=J |last3=Langkjaer |first3=N |last4=Chua |first4=C.J. |last5=Borjian |first5=S. |last6=Kassaian |first6=A |last7=Hook |first7=B |last8=Zeisler |first8=S |last9=Schaffer |first9=P |last10=Helge |first10=Thisgaard |title=Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron |journal=Conference: EANM'19 |date=October 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336589918 |access-date=13 December 2019}}{{Cite journal|last1=Thisgaard|first1=Helge|last2=Kumlin|first2=Joel|last3=Langkjær|first3=Niels|last4=Chua|first4=Jansen|last5=Hook|first5=Brian|last6=Jensen|first6=Mikael|last7=Kassaian|first7=Amir|last8=Zeisler|first8=Stefan|last9=Borjian|first9=Sogol|last10=Cross|first10=Michael|last11=Schaffer|first11=Paul|date=2021-01-07|title=Multi-curie production of gallium-68 on a biomedical cyclotron and automated radiolabelling of PSMA-11 and DOTATATE|url= |journal=EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1|doi=10.1186/s41181-020-00114-9|issn=2365-421X|pmc=7790954|pmid=33411034 |doi-access=free }} for use in a small minority of diagnostic PET scans. For this use, it is usually attached as a tracer to a carrier molecule (for example the somatostatin analogue DOTATOC), which gives the resulting radiopharmaceutical a different tissue-uptake specificity from the ionic ⁶⁷Ga radioisotope normally used in standard gallium scans.

List of isotopes

{{Anchor|Gallium-56|Gallium-57|Gallium-58|Gallium-58m|Gallium-59|Gallium-61m|Gallium-84m}}

{{Isotopes table

|symbol=Ga

|refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II

|notes=m, unc(), mass#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, EC, IT, p, n

}}

|-id=Gallium-60

| rowspan=3|⁶⁰Ga

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 29

| rowspan=3|59.95750(22)#

| rowspan=3|72.4(17) ms

| β⁺ (98.4%)

| ⁶⁰Zn

| rowspan=3|(2+)

| rowspan=3|

| β⁺, p (1.6%)

| ⁵⁹Cu

| β⁺, α? (<0.023%)

| ⁵⁶Ni

|-id=Gallium-61

| rowspan=2|⁶¹Ga

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30

| rowspan=2|60.949399(41)

| rowspan=2|165.9(25) ms

| β⁺

| ⁶¹Zn

| rowspan=2|3/2−

| rowspan=2|

| β⁺, p? (<0.25%)

| ⁶⁰Cu

|-id=Gallium-62

| ⁶²Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| 61.94418964(68)

| 116.122(21) ms

| β⁺

| ⁶²Zn

| 0+

|-id=Gallium-63

| ⁶³Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| 62.9392942(14)

| 32.4(5) s

| β⁺

| ⁶³Zn

| 3/2−

|-id=Gallium-64

| ⁶⁴Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 33

| 63.9368404(15)

| 2.627(12) min

| β⁺

| ⁶⁴Zn

| 0(+#)

|-id=Gallium-64m

| style="text-indent:1em" | ^64mGa

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 42.85(8) keV

| 21.9(7) μs

| IT

| ⁶⁴Ga

| (2+)

|-id=Gallium-65

| ⁶⁵Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 34

| 64.93273442(85)

| 15.133(28) min

| β⁺

| ⁶⁵Zn

| 3/2−

|-id=Gallium-66

| ⁶⁶Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| 65.9315898(12)

| 9.304(8) h

| β⁺

| ⁶⁶Zn

| 0+

| ⁶⁷GaDeexcitation gamma used in medical imaging

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 36

| 66.9282023(13)

| 3.2617(4) d

| EC

| ⁶⁷Zn

| 3/2−

| ⁶⁸GaMedically useful radioisotope

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 37

| 67.9279802(15)

| 67.842(16) min

| β⁺

| ⁶⁸Zn

| 1+

|-id=Gallium-69

| ⁶⁹Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 38

| 68.9255735(13)

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 3/2−

| 0.60108(50)

|-id=Gallium-70

| rowspan=2|⁷⁰Ga

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 39

| rowspan=2|69.9260219(13)

| rowspan=2|21.14(5) min

| β⁻ (99.59%)

| ⁷⁰Ge

| rowspan=2|1+

| rowspan=2|

| EC (0.41%)

| ⁷⁰Zn

|-id=Gallium-71

| ⁷¹Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 40

| 70.92470255(87)

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 3/2−

| 0.39892(50)

|-id=Gallium-72

| ⁷²Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 41

| 71.92636745(88)

| 14.025(10) h

| β⁻

| ⁷²Ge

| 3−

|-id=Gallium-72m

| style="text-indent:1em" | ^72mGa

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 119.66(5) keV

| 39.68(13) ms

| IT

| ⁷²Ga

| (0+)

|-id=Gallium-73

| ⁷³Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 42

| 72.9251747(18)

| 4.86(3) h

| β⁻

| ⁷³Ge

| 1/2−

|-id=Gallium-73m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^73mGa

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0.15(9) keV

| rowspan=2|<200 ms

| IT?

| ⁷³Ga

| rowspan=2|3/2−

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻

| ⁷³Ge

|-id=Gallium-74

| ⁷⁴Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 43

| 73.9269457(32)

| 8.12(12) min

| β⁻

| ⁷⁴Ge

| (3−)

|-id=Gallium-74m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^74mGa

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59.571(14) keV

| rowspan=2|9.5(10) s

| IT (>75%)

| ⁷⁴Ga

| rowspan=2|(0)(+#)

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻? (<25%)

| ⁷⁴Ge

|-id=Gallium-75

| ⁷⁵Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 44

| 74.92650448(72)

| 126(2) s

| β⁻

| ⁷⁵Ge

| 3/2−

|-id=Gallium-76

| ⁷⁶Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 45

| 75.9288276(21)

| 30.6(6) s

| β⁻

| ⁷⁶Ge

| 2−

|-id=Gallium-77

| rowspan=2|⁷⁷Ga

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 46

| rowspan=2|76.9291543(26)

| rowspan=2|13.2(2) s

| rowspan=2|β⁻

| ^77mGe (88%)

| rowspan=2|3/2−

| rowspan=2|

| ⁷⁷Ge (12%)

|-id=Gallium-78

| ⁷⁸Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 47

| 77.9316109(11)

| 5.09(5) s

| β⁻

| ⁷⁸Ge

| 2−

|-id=Gallium-78m

| style="text-indent:1em" | ^78mGa

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 498.9(5) keV

| 110(3) ns

| IT

| ⁷⁸Ga

|-id=Gallium-79

| rowspan=2|⁷⁹Ga

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48

| rowspan=2|78.9328516(13)

| rowspan=2|2.848(3) s

| β⁻ (99.911%)

| ⁷⁹Ge

| rowspan=2|3/2−

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻, n (0.089%)

| ⁷⁸Ge

|-id=Gallium-80

| rowspan=2|⁸⁰Ga

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49

| rowspan=2|79.9364208(31)

| rowspan=2|1.9(1) s

| β⁻ (99.14%)

| ⁸⁰Ge

| rowspan=2|6−

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻, n (.86%)

| ⁷⁹Ge

|-id=Gallium-80m

| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | ^80mGaOrder of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 22.45(10) keV

| rowspan=3|1.3(2) s

| β⁻

| ⁸⁰Ge

| rowspan=3|3−

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻, n?

| ⁷⁹Ge

| IT

| ⁸⁰Ga

|-id=Gallium-81

| rowspan=2|⁸¹Ga

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 50

| rowspan=2|80.9381338(35)

| rowspan=2|1.217(5) s

| β⁻ (87.5%)

| ^81mGe

| rowspan=2|5/2−

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻, n (12.5%)

| ⁸⁰Ge

|-id=Gallium-82

| rowspan=3|⁸²Ga

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 51

| rowspan=3|81.9431765(26)

| rowspan=3|600(2) ms

| β⁻ (78.8%)

| ⁸²Ge

| rowspan=3|2−

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻, n (21.2%)

| ⁸¹Ge

| β⁻, 2n?

| ⁸⁰Ge

|-id=Gallium-82m

| style="text-indent:1em" | ^82mGa

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 140.7(3) keV

| 93.5(67) ns

| IT

| ⁸²Ga

| (4−)

|-id=Gallium-83

| rowspan=3|⁸³Ga

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 52

| rowspan=3|82.9471203(28)

| rowspan=3|310.0(7) ms

| β⁻, n (85%)

| ⁸²Ge

| rowspan=3|5/2−#

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻ (15%)

| ⁸³Ge

| β⁻, 2n?

| ⁸¹Ge

|-id=Gallium-84

| rowspan=3|⁸⁴Ga

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 53

| rowspan=3|83.952663(32)

| rowspan=3|97.6(12) ms

| β⁻ (55%)

| ⁸⁴Ge

| rowspan=3|0−#

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻, n (43%)

| ⁸³Ge

| β⁻, 2n (1.6%)

| ⁸²Ge

|-id=Gallium-85

| rowspan=3|⁸⁵Ga

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 54

| rowspan=3|84.957333(40)

| rowspan=3|95.3(10) ms

| β⁻, n (77%)

| ⁸⁴Ge

| rowspan=3|(5/2−)

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻ (22%)

| ⁸⁵Ge

| β⁻, 2n (1.3%)

| ⁸³Ge

|-id=Gallium-86

| rowspan=3|⁸⁶Ga

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55

| rowspan=3|85.96376(43)#

| rowspan=3|49(2) ms

| β⁻, n (69%)

| ⁸⁵Ge

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻, 2n (16.2%)

| ⁸⁴Ge

| β⁻ (15%)

| ⁸⁶Ge

|-id=Gallium-87

| rowspan=3|⁸⁷Ga

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56

| rowspan=3|86.96901(54)#

| rowspan=3|29(4) ms

| β⁻, n (81%)

| ⁸⁶Ge

| rowspan=3|5/2−#

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻, 2n (10.2%)

| ⁸⁵Ge

| β⁻ (9%)

| ⁸⁷Ge

|-id=Gallium-88

| rowspan=2|⁸⁸Ga{{cite journal |last1=Shimizu |first1=Y. |last2=Kubo |first2=T. |last3=Sumikama |first3=T. |last4=Fukuda |first4=N. |last5=Takeda |first5=H. |last6=Suzuki |first6=H. |last7=Ahn |first7=D. S. |last8=Inabe |first8=N. |last9=Kusaka |first9=K. |last10=Ohtake |first10=M. |last11=Yanagisawa |first11=Y. |last12=Yoshida |first12=K. |last13=Ichikawa |first13=Y. |last14=Isobe |first14=T. |last15=Otsu |first15=H. |last16=Sato |first16=H. |last17=Sonoda |first17=T. |last18=Murai |first18=D. |last19=Iwasa |first19=N. |last20=Imai |first20=N. |last21=Hirayama |first21=Y. |last22=Jeong |first22=S. C. |last23=Kimura |first23=S. |last24=Miyatake |first24=H. |last25=Mukai |first25=M. |last26=Kim |first26=D. G. |last27=Kim |first27=E. |last28=Yagi |first28=A. |title=Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam |journal=Physical Review C |date=8 April 2024 |volume=109 |issue=4 |page=044313 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313}}

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57

| rowspan=2|87.97596(54)#

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻?

| ⁸⁸Ge

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻, n?

| ⁸⁷Ge

|-id=Gallium-89

| ⁸⁹Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| style="text-align:right" | 58

Gallium-67

Gallium-67 ({{SimpleNuclide|gallium|67}}) has a half-life of 3.26 days and decays by electron capture and gamma emission (in de-excitation) to stable zinc-67. It is a radiopharmaceutical used in gallium scans (alternatively, the shorter-lived gallium-68 may be used). This gamma-emitting isotope is imaged by gamma camera.

Gallium-68

Gallium-68 ({{SimpleNuclide|Gallium|68}}) is a positron emitter with a half-life of 68 minutes, decaying to stable zinc-68. It is a radiopharmaceutical, generated in situ from the electron capture of germanium-68 (half-life 271 days) owing to its short half-life. This positron-emitting isotope can be imaged efficiently by PET scan (see gallium scan); alternatively, the longer-lived gallium-67 may be used. Gallium-68 is only used as a positron emitting tag for a ligand which binds to certain tissues, such as DOTATOC and DOTATATE,{{Cite journal |last=Chauhan |first=Aman |last2=El-Khouli |first2=Riham |last3=Waits |first3=Timothy |last4=Agrawal |first4=Rohitashva |last5=Siddiqui |first5=Fariha |last6=Tarter |first6=Zachary |last7=Horn |first7=Millicent |last8=Weiss |first8=Heidi |last9=Oates |first9=Elizabeth |last10=Evers |first10=B. Mark |last11=Anthony |first11=Lowell |date=2020-08-11 |title=Post FDA approval analysis of 200 gallium-68 DOTATATE imaging: A retrospective analysis in neuroendocrine tumor patients |url=https://www.oncotarget.com/article/27695/text/ |journal=Oncotarget |language=en |volume=11 |issue=32 |pages=3061–3068 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.27695 |issn=1949-2553 |pmc=7429177 |pmid=32850010}} which are somatostatin analogues useful for imaging neuroendocrine tumors. Gallium-68 DOTA scans are increasingly replacing octreotide scans (a type of indium-111 scan using octreotide as a somatostatin receptor ligand). The {{SimpleNuclide|Gallium|68}} is bound to a chemical such as DOTATOC and the positrons it emits are imaged by PET-CT scan. Such scans are useful in locating neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic cancer.{{Cite journal|last1=Hofman|first1=M.S.|last2=Kong|first2=G.|last3=Neels|first3=O.C.|last4=Eu|first4=P.|last5=Hong|first5=E.|last6=Hicks|first6=R.J.|doi=10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x|title=High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours|journal=Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology|volume=56|issue=1|pages=40–47|year=2012|pmid=22339744|s2cid=21843609|doi-access=free}} Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors is being increasingly replaced by gallium-68 DOTATOC scan.{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott, A, Howe J | display-authors = 2 | title = Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors | journal = Journal of Oncology Practice | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 471–482 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30096273 | doi = 10.1200/JOP.18.00135 | pmc = 6091496 }}

References

Isotope masses from:
{{NUBASE 2003}}
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
{{CIAAW2003}}
{{CIAAW 2005}}
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
{{NUBASE 2003}}
{{NNDC}}
{{CRC85|chapter=11}}

Category:Gallium

Gallium