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Isotopes of germanium#Germanium-76

{{Short description|none}}

{{Infobox germanium isotopes}}

Germanium (32Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and 76Ge. Of these, 76Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 1021 years{{cite journal

|author=A. M. Bakalyarov |author2=A. Ya. Balysh |author3=S. T. Belyaev |author4=V. I. Lebedev |author5=S. V. Zhukov

|year=2003

|title=Results of the experiment on investigation of Germanium-76 double beta decay

|pages=77–81

|volume=2

|issue=2

|journal=Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters

|arxiv=hep-ex/0309016

|bibcode = 2003hep.ex....9016B }} (130 billion times the age of the universe).

Stable 74Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%. 76Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%.{{NUBASE 2003}}

At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The most stable of these is 68Ge, decaying by electron capture with a half-life of 270.95 d. It decays to the medically useful positron-emitting isotope 68Ga. (See gallium-68 generator for notes on the source of this isotope, and its medical use.) The least stable known germanium isotope is 59Ge with a half-life of 13.3 ms.

While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay by beta decay, 61Ge and 65Ge can also decay by β+-delayed proton emission. 84Ge through 87Ge also have minor β−-delayed neutron emission decay paths.

76Ge is used in experiments on the nature of neutrinos, by searching for neutrinoless double beta decay.

List of isotopes

{{Anchor|Germanium-58}}

{{Isotopes table

| symbol = Ge

| refs = NUBASE2020, AME2020 II

| notes = m, unc(), mass#, hl-nst, hl#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, n, p, EC, IT

}}

|-id=Germanium-59

| rowspan=3|59Ge

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 27

| rowspan=3|58.98243(43)#

| rowspan=3|13.3(17) ms

| β+, p (93%)

| 58Zn

| rowspan=3|7/2−#

| rowspan=3|

| rowspan=3|

|-

| β+ (7%)

| 59Ga

|-

| 2p (<0.2%)

| 57Zn

|-id=Germanium-60

| rowspan=2|60Ge

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28

| rowspan=2|59.97045(32)#

| rowspan=2|21(6) ms

| β+, p

| 59Zn

| rowspan=2|0+

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β+, 2p (<14%)

| 58Cu

|-id=Germanium-61

| rowspan=2|61Ge

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29

| rowspan=2|60.96373(32)#

| rowspan=2|40.7(4) ms

| β+, p (87%)

| 60Zn

| rowspan=2|3/2−#

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β+ (18%)

| 61Ga

|-id=Germanium-62

| 62Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 30

| 61.95476(15)#

| 82.5(14) ms

| β+

| 62Ga

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-63

| 63Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 31

| 62.949628(40)

| 153.6(11) ms

| β+

| 63Ga

| 3/2−#

|

|

|-id=Germanium-64

| 64Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| 63.9416899(40)

| 63.7(25) s

| β+

| 64Ga

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-65

| rowspan=2|65Ge

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33

| rowspan=2|64.9393681(23)

| rowspan=2|30.9(5) s

| β+ (99.99%)

| 65Ga

| rowspan=2|3/2−

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β+, p (0.011%)

| 64Zn

|-id=Germanium-66

| 66Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 34

| 65.9338621(26)

| 2.26(5) h

| β+

| 66Ga

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-67

| 67Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 35

| 66.9327170(46)

| 18.9(3) min

| β+

| 67Ga

| 1/2−

|

|

|-id=Germanium-67m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 67m1Ge

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 18.20(5) keV

| 13.7(9) μs

| IT

| 67Ge

| 5/2−

|

|

|-id=Germanium-67m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 67m2Ge

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 751.70(6) keV

| 109.1(38) ns

| IT

| 67Ge

| 9/2+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-68

| 68GeUsed to generate 68Ga

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 36

| 67.9280953(20)

| 271.05(8) d

| EC

| 68Ga

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-69

| 69Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 37

| 68.9279645(14)

| 39.05(10) h

| β+

| 69Ga

| 5/2−

|

|

|-id=Germanium-69m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 69m1Ge

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 86.76(2) keV

| 5.1(2) μs

| IT

| 69Ge

| 1/2−

|

|

|-id=Germanium-69m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 69m2Ge

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 397.94(2) keV

| 2.81(5) μs

| IT

| 69Ge

| 9/2+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-70

| 70Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 38

| 69.92424854(88)

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 0+

| 0.2052(19)

|

|-id=Germanium-71

| 71Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 39

| 70.92495212(87)

| 11.468(8) d{{cite journal |last1=Norman |first1=E. B. |last2=Drobizhev |first2=A. |last3=Gharibyan |first3=N. |last4=Gregorich |first4=K. E. |last5=Kolomensky |first5=Yu. G. |last6=Sammis |first6=B. N. |last7=Scielzo |first7=N. D. |last8=Shusterman |first8=J. A. |last9=Thomas |first9=K. J. |title=Half-life of Ge 71 and the gallium anomaly |journal=Physical Review C |date=30 May 2024 |volume=109 |issue=5 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.055501 }}

| EC

| 71Ga

| 1/2−

|

|

|-id=Germanium-71m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 71mGe

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 198.354(14) keV

| 20.41(18) ms

| IT

| 71Ge

| 9/2+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-72

| 72Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 40

| 71.922075824(81)

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 0+

| 0.2745(15)

|

|-id=Germanium-72m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 72mGe

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 691.43(4) keV

| 444.2(8) ns

| IT

| 72Ge

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-73

| 73Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 41

| 72.923458954(61)

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 9/2+

| 0.0776(8)

|

|-id=Germanium-73m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 73m1Ge

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.2845(15) keV

| 2.91(3) μs

| IT

| 73Ge

| 5/2+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-73m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 73m2Ge

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.725(9) keV

| 499(11) ms

| IT

| 73Ge

| 1/2−

|

|

|-id=Germanium-74

| 74Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 42

| 73.921177760(13)

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 0+

| 0.3652(12)

|

|-id=Germanium-75

| 75Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 43

| 74.922858370(55)

| 82.78(4) min

| β−

| 75As

| 1/2−

|

|

|-id=Germanium-75m1

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 75m1Ge

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 139.69(3) keV

| rowspan=2|47.7(5) s

| IT (99.97%)

| 75Ge

| rowspan=2|7/2+

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β− (0.030%)

| 75As

|-id=Germanium-75m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 75m2Ge

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 192.19(6) keV

| 216(5) ns

| IT

| 75Ge

| 5/2+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-76

| 76GePrimordial radionuclide

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 44

| 75.921402725(19)

| (2.022±0.018±0.038){{e|21}} y{{cite journal | author=M. Agostini | display-authors=et al. | title=Final Results of GERDA on the Two-Neutrino Double-β Decay Half-Life of 76Ge | journal=Physical Review Letters | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=131 | issue=14 | date=2023-10-03 | page=142501 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.131.142501| pmid=37862664 | arxiv=2308.09795 | bibcode=2023PhRvL.131n2501A | s2cid=261049638 | doi-access=free }}

| β−β−

| 76Se

| 0+

| 0.0775(12)

|

|-id=Germanium-77

| 77Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 45

| 76.923549843(56)

| 11.211(3) h

| β−

| 77As

| 7/2+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-77m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 77mGe

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 159.71(6) keV

| rowspan=2|53.7(6) s

| β− (81%)

| 77As

| rowspan=2|1/2−

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| IT (19%)

| 77Ge

|-id=Germanium-78

| 78Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 46

| 77.9228529(38)

| 88.0(10) min

| β−

| 78As

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-79

| 79Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 47

| 78.925360(40)

| 18.98(3) s

| β−

| 79As

| (1/2)−

|

|

|-id=Germanium-79m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 79mGe

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 185.95(4) keV

| rowspan=2|39.0(10) s

| β− (96%)

| 79As

| rowspan=2|7/2+#

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| IT (4%)

| 79Ge

|-id=Germanium-80

| 80Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 48

| 79.9253508(22)

| 29.5(4) s

| β−

| 80As

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-81

| 81Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 49

| 80.9288329(22)

| 9(2) s

| β−

| 81As

| 9/2+#

|

|

|-id=Germanium-81m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mGe

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 679.14(4) keV

| rowspan=2|6(2) s

| β−

| 81As

| rowspan=2|(1/2+)

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| IT (<1%)

| 81Ge

|-id=Germanium-82

| 82Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 50

| 81.9297740(24)

| 4.31(19) s

| β−

| 82As

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-83

| 83Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 51

| 82.9345391(26)

| 1.85(6) s

| β−

| 83As

| (5/2+)

|

|

|-id=Germanium-84

| rowspan=2|84Ge

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52

| rowspan=2|83.9375751(34)

| rowspan=2|951(9) ms

| β− (89.4%)

| 84As

| rowspan=2|0+

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β−, n (10.6%)

| 83As

|-id=Germanium-85

| rowspan=2|85Ge

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53

| rowspan=2|84.9429697(40)

| rowspan=2|495(5) ms

| β− (82.8%)

| 85As

| rowspan=2|(3/2+,5/2+)#

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β−, n (17.2%)

| 84As

|-id=Germanium-86

| rowspan=2|86Ge

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54

| rowspan=2|85.94697(47)

| rowspan=2|221.6(11) ms

| β− (55%)

| 86As

| rowspan=2|0+

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

|-

| β−, n (45%)

| 85As

|-id=Germanium-87

| 87Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 55

| 86.95320(32)#

| 103(4) ms

| β−

| 87As

| 5/2+#

|

|

|-id=Germanium-88

| 88Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 56

| 87.95757(43)#

| 61(6) ms

| β−

| 88As

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-89

| 89Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 57

| 88.96453(43)#

| 60# ms [>300 ns]

|

|

| 3/2+#

|

|

|-id=Germanium-90

| 90Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 58

| 89.96944(54)#

| 30# ms [>400 ns]

|

|

| 0+

|

|

|-id=Germanium-91

| 91Ge{{cite journal |last1=Shimizu |first1=Y. |last2=Kubo |first2=T. |last3=Sumikama |first3=T. |last4=Fukuda |first4=N. |last5=Takeda |first5=H. |last6=Suzuki |first6=H. |last7=Ahn |first7=D. S. |last8=Inabe |first8=N. |last9=Kusaka |first9=K. |last10=Ohtake |first10=M. |last11=Yanagisawa |first11=Y. |last12=Yoshida |first12=K. |last13=Ichikawa |first13=Y. |last14=Isobe |first14=T. |last15=Otsu |first15=H. |last16=Sato |first16=H. |last17=Sonoda |first17=T. |last18=Murai |first18=D. |last19=Iwasa |first19=N. |last20=Imai |first20=N. |last21=Hirayama |first21=Y. |last22=Jeong |first22=S. C. |last23=Kimura |first23=S. |last24=Miyatake |first24=H. |last25=Mukai |first25=M. |last26=Kim |first26=D. G. |last27=Kim |first27=E. |last28=Yagi |first28=A. |title=Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam |journal=Physical Review C |date=8 April 2024 |volume=109 |issue=4 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313}}

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 59

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-id=Germanium-92

| 92Ge

| style="text-align:right" | 32

| style="text-align:right" | 60

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

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References

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Category:Germanium

Germanium