Login
Login

Isotopes of rutherfordium#Rutherfordium-253

{{Short description|none}}

{{Infobox rutherfordium isotopes}}

Rutherfordium (104Rf) is a synthetic element and thus has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was either 259Rf in 1966 or 257Rf in 1969. There are 17 known radioisotopes from 252Rf to 270Rf (three of which, 266Rf, 268Rf, and 270Rf, are unconfirmed) and several isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 267Rf with a half-life of 48 minutes, and the longest-lived isomer is 263mRf with a half-life of 8 seconds.

List of isotopes

{{Anchor|Rutherfordium-253m|Rutherfordium-264}}

{{Isotopes table

|symbol=Rf

|refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II

|notes=m, unc(), mass#, exen#, hl#, spin(), spin#, SF

}}

|-id=Rutherfordium-252

| 252Rf{{cite journal |first1=J. |last=Khuyagbaatar |first2=P. |last2=Mosat |first3=J. |last3=Ballof |first4=R. A. |last4=Cantemir |first5=Ch. E. |last5=Düllmann |first6=K. |last6=Hermainski |first7=F. P. |last7=Heßberger |first8=E. |last8=Jäger |first9=B. |last9=Kindler |first10=J. |last10=Krier |first11=N. |last11=Kurz |first12=S. |last12=Löchner |first13=B. |last13=Lommel |first14=B. |last14=Schausten |first15=Y. |last15=Wei |first16=P. |last16=Wieczorek |first17=A. |last17=Yakushev |display-authors=3 |title=Stepping into the sea of instability: The new sub-𝜇s superheavy nucleus 252Rf |work=Physical Review Letters |date=2025 |volume=134 |number=022501 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.022501|arxiv=2501.08955 }}

| style="text-align:right" | 104

| style="text-align:right" | 148

|

| {{val|60|90|30|u=ns}}

| SF

| (various)

| 0+

|-id=Rutherfordium-252m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 252mRf

| rowspan=2 colspan=3 style="text-indent:2em" |

| rowspan=2 | {{val|13|4|3|u=us}}

| SF (≤90%)

| (various)

| rowspan=2 |(6+)

|-

| IT (≥10%)

| 252Rf

|-id=Rutherfordium-253

| rowspan=2|253Rf{{cite journal |last1=Lopez-Martens |first1=A. |last2=Hauschild |first2=K. |last3=Svirikhin |first3=A. I. |last4=Asfari |first4=Z. |last5=Chelnokov |first5=M. L. |last6=Chepigin |first6=V. I. |last7=Dorvaux |first7=O. |last8=Forge |first8=M. |last9=Gall |first9=B. |last10=Isaev |first10=A. V. |last11=Izosimov |first11=I. N. |last12=Kessaci |first12=K. |last13=Kuznetsova |first13=A. A. |last14=Malyshev |first14=O. N. |last15=Mukhin |first15=R. S. |last16=Popeko |first16=A. G. |last17=Popov |first17=Yu. A. |last18=Sailaubekov |first18=B. |last19=Sokol |first19=E. A. |last20=Tezekbayeva |first20=M. S. |last21=Yeremin |first21=A. V. |title=Fission properties of Rf 253 and the stability of neutron-deficient Rf isotopes |journal=Physical Review C |date=22 February 2022 |volume=105 |issue=2 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.105.L021306 |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevC.105.L021306 |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en |issn=2469-9985|arxiv=2202.11802 |s2cid=247072308 }}

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 149

| rowspan=2|253.10053(44)#

| rowspan=2|{{val|9.9|(12)|u=ms}}

| SF (83%)

| (various)

| rowspan=2|(1/2+)

|-

| α (17%)

| 249No

|-id=Rutherfordium-253m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 253m1RfOrder of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(150)# keV

| {{val|52.8|(44)|u=us}}

| SF

| (various)

| (7/2+)

|-id=Rutherfordium-253m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 253m2Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | >1020 keV

| {{val|660|400|180|u=us}}

| IT

| 253m1Rf

|

|-id=Rutherfordium-254

| 254Rf

| style="text-align:right" | 104

| style="text-align:right" | 150

| 254.10006(30)#

| {{val|22.9|(10)|u=us}}

| SF

| (various)

| 0+

|-id=Rutherfordium-254m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 254m1Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1300(200)# keV

| {{val|4.3|(7)|u=us}}

| IT

| 254Rf

| 8−#

|-id=Rutherfordium-254m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 254m2Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2000(500)# keV

| {{val|247|(73)|u=us}}

| IT

| 254m1Rf

| 16+#

|-id=Rutherfordium-255

| rowspan=3|255Rf{{cite journal |last1=Chakma |first1=R. |last2=Lopez-Martens |first2=A. |last3=Hauschild |first3=K. |last4=Yeremin |first4=A. V. |last5=Malyshev |first5=O. N. |last6=Popeko |first6=A. G. |last7=Popov |first7=Yu. A. |last8=Svirikhin |first8=A. I. |last9=Chepigin |first9=V. I. |last10=Sokol |first10=E. A. |last11=Isaev |first11=A. V. |last12=Kuznetsova |first12=A. A. |last13=Chelnokov |first13=M. L. |last14=Tezekbayeva |first14=M. S. |last15=Izosimov |first15=I. N. |last16=Dorvaux |first16=O. |last17=Gall |first17=B. |last18=Asfari |first18=Z. |title=Investigation of isomeric states in Rf 255 |journal=Physical Review C |date=31 January 2023 |volume=107 |issue=1 |page=014326 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.107.014326 |s2cid=256489616 |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevC.107.014326 |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en |issn=2469-9985}}

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 104

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 151

| rowspan=3|255.10127(19)#

| rowspan=3|1.69(3) s

| SF (50.9%)

| (various)

| rowspan=3|(9/2−)

|-

| α (49.1%)

| 251No

|-

| β+ (<6%)

| 255Lr

|-id=Rutherfordium-255m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 255m1Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150 keV

| 50(17) μs

| IT

| 255Rf

| (5/2+)

|-id=Rutherfordium-255m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 255m2Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1103 keV

| {{val|29|7|5|u=μs}}

| IT

| 255Rf

| (19/2+)

|-id=Rutherfordium-255m3

| style="text-indent:1em" | 255m3Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1303 keV

| {{val|49|13|10|u=μs}}

| IT

| 255Rf

| (25/2+)

|-id=Rutherfordium-256

| rowspan=2|256Rf

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 152

| rowspan=2|256.101151(19)

| rowspan=2|{{val|6.60|(5)|u=ms}}

| SF (99.69%)

| (various)

| rowspan=2|0+

|-

| α (0.31%)

| 252No

|-id=Rutherfordium-256m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 256m1Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1120(100)# keV

| {{val|25|(2)|u=us}}

| IT

| 256Rf

| 4−#

|-id=Rutherfordium-256m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 256m2Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1400(100)# keV

| {{val|17|(2)|u=us}}

| IT

| 256m1Rf

| 8−#

|-id=Rutherfordium-256m3

| style="text-indent:1em" | 256m3Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2400(200)# keV

| {{val|27|(5)|u=us}}

| IT

| 256m2Rf

|

|-id=Rutherfordium-257

| rowspan=3|257Rf

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 104

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 153

| rowspan=3|257.102917(12)

| rowspan=3|{{val|6.2|1.2|1.0|u=s}}{{cite journal |last1=Hauschild |first1=K. |last2=Lopez-Martens |first2=A. |last3=Chakma |first3=R. |last4=Chelnokov |first4=M. L. |last5=Chepigin |first5=V. I. |last6=Isaev |first6=A. V. |last7=Izosimov |first7=I. N. |last8=Katrasev |first8=D. E. |last9=Kuznetsova |first9=A. A. |last10=Malyshev |first10=O. N. |last11=Popeko |first11=A. G. |last12=Popov |first12=Yu. A. |last13=Sokol |first13=E. A. |last14=Svirikhin |first14=A. I. |last15=Tezekbayeva |first15=M. S. |last16=Yeremin |first16=A. V. |last17=Asfari |first17=Z. |last18=Dorvaux |first18=O. |last19=Gall |first19=B. J. P. |last20=Kessaci |first20=K. |last21=Ackermann |first21=D. |last22=Piot |first22=J. |last23=Mosat |first23=P. |last24=Andel |first24=B. |title=Alpha-decay spectroscopy of $$^{257}$$Rf |journal=The European Physical Journal A |date=18 January 2022 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-021-00657-8 |s2cid=233394478 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epja/s10050-021-00657-8 |access-date=17 June 2023 |language=en |issn=1434-601X|arxiv=2104.12526 }}

| α (89.3%)

| 253No

| rowspan=3|(1/2+)

|-

| β+ (9.4%)

| 257mLr

|-

| SF (1.3%)

| (various)

|-id=Rutherfordium-257m1

| rowspan=4 style="text-indent:1em" | 257m1Rf

| rowspan=4 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 74 keV

| rowspan=4|4.37(5) s

| α (80.54%)

| 253No

| rowspan=4|(11/2−)

|-

| IT (14.2%)

| 257Rf

|-

| β+ (4.86%)

| 257Lr

|-

| SF (0.4%)

| (various)

|-id=Rutherfordium-257m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 257m2Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1155(11) keV

| {{val|106|(6)|u=us}}

| IT

| 257m1Rf

| 21/2+#

|-id=Rutherfordium-258

| rowspan=2|258Rf

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 154

| rowspan=2|258.103430(17)

| rowspan=2|{{val|12.5|(5)|u=ms}}

| SF (95.1%)

| (various)

| rowspan=2|0+

|-

| α (4.9%)

| 254No

|-id=Rutherfordium-258m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | 258m1Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1200(300)# keV

| {{val|2.4|2.4|0.8|u=ms}}
[{{val|3.4|(17)|u=ms}}]

| IT

| 258Rf

|

|-id=Rutherfordium-258m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | 258m2Rf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1500(500)# keV

| {{val|15|(10)|u=us}}

| IT

| 258m1Rf

|

|-id=Rutherfordium-259

| rowspan=2|259Rf

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 155

| rowspan=2|259.10560(8)#

| rowspan=2| {{val|2.63|(26)|u=s}}

| α (85%)

| 255No

| rowspan=2| 3/2+#

|-

| β+ (15%)

| 259Lr

|-id=Rutherfordium-260

| rowspan=2|260Rf

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 156

| rowspan=2|260.10644(22)#

| rowspan=2|{{val|21|(1)|u=ms}}

| SF

| (various)

| rowspan=2|0+

|-

| α (<20%){{cite journal |last1=Lazarev |first1=Yu. A. |last2=Lobanov |first2=Yu. V. |last3=Oganessian |first3=Yu. Ts. |last4=Utyonkov |first4=V. K. |last5=Abdullin |first5=F. Sh. |last6=Polyakov |first6=A. N. |last7=Rigol |first7=J. |last8=Shirokovsky |first8=I. V. |last9=Tsyganov |first9=Yu. S. |last10=Iliev |first10=S. |last11=Subbotin |first11=V. G. |last12=Sukhov |first12=A. M. |last13=Buklanov |first13=G. V. |last14=Mezentsev |first14=A. N. |last15=Subotic |first15=K. |last16=Moody |first16=K. J. |last17=Stoyer |first17=N. J. |last18=Wild |first18=J. F. |last19=Lougheed |first19=R. W. |title=Decay properties of 257 No , 261 Rf , and 262 Rf |journal=Physical Review C |date=13 November 2000 |volume=62 |issue=6 |page=064307 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.62.064307 |bibcode=2000PhRvC..62f4307L |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevC.62.064307 |access-date=17 June 2023 |language=en |issn=0556-2813|url-access=subscription }}

| 256No

|-id=Rutherfordium-261

| rowspan=2|261Rf

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 157

| rowspan=2|261.10877(7)

| rowspan=2|{{val|2.1|(2)|u=s}}

| SF (82%)

| (various)

| rowspan=2|3/2+#

|-

| α (18%)

| 257No

|-id=Rutherfordium-261m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 261mRf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 70(100)# keV

| {{val|74|(5)|u=s}}

| α

| 257No

| 11/2−#

|-id=Rutherfordium-262

| 262Rf

| style="text-align:right" | 104

| style="text-align:right" | 158

| 262.10992(24)#

| {{val|210|128|58|u=ms}}
[{{val|250|(100)|u=ms}}]

| SF

| (various)

| 0+

|-id=Rutherfordium-262m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 262mRf

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1000(400)# keV

| {{val|47|(5)|u=ms}}

| SF

| (various)

| (8−,9−)#

|-id=Rutherfordium-263

| 263Rf

| style="text-align:right" | 104

| style="text-align:right" | 159

| 263.11246(16)#

| {{val|11|(3)|u=min}}

| SF

| (various)

| 3/2+#

|-id=Rutherfordium-263m

| style="text-indent:1em" | 263mRfNot directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 271Hs

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |

| {{val|5.1|4.6|1.7|u=s}}{{cite journal |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Shumeiko |first3=M. V. |last4=Abdullin |first4=F. Sh. |last5=Adamian |first5=G. G. |last6=Dmitriev |first6=S. N. |last7=Ibadullayev |first7=D. |last8=Itkis |first8=M. G. |last9=Kovrizhnykh |first9=N. D. |last10=Kuznetsov |first10=D. A. |last11=Petrushkin |first11=O. V. |last12=Podshibiakin |first12=A. V. |last13=Polyakov |first13=A. N. |last14=Popeko |first14=A. G. |last15=Rogov |first15=I. S. |last16=Sagaidak |first16=R. N. |last17=Schlattauer |first17=L. |last18=Shubin |first18=V. D. |last19=Solovyev |first19=D. I. |last20=Tsyganov |first20=Yu. S. |last21=Voinov |first21=A. A. |last22=Subbotin |first22=V. G. |last23=Bublikova |first23=N. S. |last24=Voronyuk |first24=M. G. |last25=Sabelnikov |first25=A. V. |last26=Bodrov |first26=A. Yu. |last27=Aksenov |first27=N. V. |last28=Khalkin |first28=A. V. |last29=Gan |first29=Z. G. |last30=Zhang |first30=Z. Y. |last31=Huang |first31=M. H. |last32=Yang |first32=H. B. |title=Synthesis and decay properties of isotopes of element 110: Ds 273 and Ds 275 |journal=Physical Review C |date=6 May 2024 |volume=109 |issue=5 |page=054307 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.054307 |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevC.109.054307 |access-date=11 May 2024 |language=en |issn=2469-9985|url-access=subscription }}

| SF

| (various)

| 1/2#

|-id=Rutherfordium-265

| 265RfNot directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 285Fl

| style="text-align:right" | 104

| style="text-align:right" | 161

| 265.11668(39)#

| {{val|1.1|0.8|0.3|u=min}}

| SF

| (various)

| 9/2+#

|-id=Rutherfordium-266

| 266RfDiscovery of this isotope is unconfirmedNot directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 282Nh

| style="text-align:right" | 104

| style="text-align:right" | 162

| 266.11824(44)#

| 23 s#{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.76.011601 |date=2007 |issue=1 |volume=76 |journal=Physical Review C |title=Synthesis of the isotope 282113 in the Np237+Ca48 fusion reaction |author=Oganessian, Yu. Ts. | display-authors=1 |bibcode = 2007PhRvC..76a1601O |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. |last3=Lobanov |first3=Yu. |last4=Abdullin |first4=F. |last5=Polyakov |first5=A. |last6=Sagaidak |first6=R. |last7=Shirokovsky |first7=I. |last8=Tsyganov |first8=Yu. |last9=Voinov |first9=A. |page=011601 }}{{cite journal |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yuri |title=Nuclei in the "Island of Stability" of Superheavy Elements |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |date=8 February 2012 |volume=337 |issue=1 |pages=012005 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/337/1/012005 |bibcode=2012JPhCS.337a2005O |doi-access=free }}

| SF

| (various)

| 0+

|-id=Rutherfordium-267

| 267RfNot directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 287Fl

| style="text-align:right" | 104

| style="text-align:right" | 163

| 267.12179(62)#

| {{val|48|23|12|u=min}}

| SF

| (various)

| 13/2−#

|-id=Rutherfordium-268

| 268RfNot directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 288Mc

| style="text-align:right" | 104

| style="text-align:right" | 164

| 268.12397(71)#

| 1.4 s#{{cite web |url=http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/831577 |title=CERN Document Server: Record#831577: Chemical Identification of Dubnium as a Decay Product of Element 115 Produced in the Reaction 48Ca + 243Am |publisher=Cdsweb.cern.ch |access-date=2010-09-19}}

| SF

| (various)

| 0+

|-id=Rutherfordium-270

| 270Rf{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVrdAAAAQBAJ&q=isotope+(270)Rf&pg=PT305|title=Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics and its Applications|first=Reinhard|last=Stock|date=13 September 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|access-date=8 April 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9783527649266}}Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 294Ts

| style="text-align:right" | 104

| style="text-align:right" | 166

|

| 20 ms#{{cite web |url=https://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?contribId=80&sessionId=7&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=5235 |title=Exploration of Nuclear Structure and Decay of Heaviest Elements at GSI - SHIP |publisher=agenda.infn.it |author=Fritz Peter Heßberger |access-date=2016-09-10}}

| SF

| (various)

| 0+

{{Isotopes table/footer}}

Nucleosynthesis

Super-heavy elements such as rutherfordium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induces fusion reactions. Whereas most of the isotopes of rutherfordium can be synthesized directly this way, some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers.{{cite journal |last1=Barber |first1=Robert C. |last2=Gäggeler |first2=Heinz W. |last3=Karol |first3=Paul J. |last4=Nakahara |first4=Hiromichi |last5=Vardaci |first5=Emanuele |last6=Vogt |first6=Erich |title=Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report) |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=81 |issue=7 |page=1331 |year=2009 |doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05|doi-access=free }}

Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets (actinides), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons. In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products.{{Cite journal |first1=Peter |last1=Armbruster |name-list-style=amp |first2=Gottfried |last2=Munzenberg |title=Creating superheavy elements |journal=Scientific American |volume=34 |pages=36–42 |year=1989}} The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion).{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3 |title=Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium |year=1989 |last1=Fleischmann |first1=Martin |last2=Pons |first2=Stanley |journal=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry |volume=261 |issue=2 |pages=301–308}}

=Hot fusion studies=

The synthesis of rutherfordium was first attempted in 1964 by the team at Dubna using the hot fusion reaction of neon-22 projectiles with plutonium-242 targets:

:{{nuclide|link=yes|plutonium|242}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|neon|22}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|264−x}} + 3 or 5 {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}.

The first study produced evidence for a spontaneous fission with a 0.3 second half-life and another one at 8 seconds. While the former observation was eventually retracted, the latter eventually became associated with the 259Rf isotope.[http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1993/pdf/6508x1757.pdf "Discovery of the transneptunium elements"], IUPAC/IUPAP Technical Report, Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 65, No. 8, pp. 1757-1814,1993. Retrieved on 2008-03-04 In 1966, the Soviet team repeated the experiment using a chemical study of volatile chloride products. They identified a volatile chloride with eka-hafnium properties that decayed fast through spontaneous fission. This gave strong evidence for the formation of RfCl4, and although a half-life was not accurately measured, later evidence suggested that the product was most likely 259Rf. The team repeated the experiment several times over the next few years, and in 1971, they revised the spontaneous fission half-life for the isotope at 4.5 seconds.

In 1969, researchers at the University of California led by Albert Ghiorso, tried to confirm the original results reported at Dubna. In a reaction of curium-248 with oxygen-16, they were unable to confirm the result of the Soviet team, but managed to observe the spontaneous fission of 260Rf with a very short half-life of 10–30 ms:

:{{nuclide|link=yes|curium|248}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|oxygen|16}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|260}} + 4 {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}.

In 1970, the American team also studied the same reaction with oxygen-18 and identified 261Rf with a half-life of 65 seconds (later refined to 75 seconds).{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(70)90595-2 |title=261Rf; new isotope of element 104 |year=1970 |first1= A. |last1=Ghiorso |first2=M. |last2=Nurmia |first3=K. |last3=Eskola |first4=P. |last4=Eskola |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=95–98 |bibcode=1970PhLB...32...95G}}{{Cite journal |author=Sylwester |title=On-line gas chromatographic studies of Rf, Zr, and Hf bromides |journal=Radiochimica Acta |volume=88 |issue=12_2000 |page=837 |year=2000 |doi=10.1524/ract.2000.88.12.837 |last2=Gregorich |first2=K. E. |last3=Lee |first3=D. M. |last4=Kadkhodayan |first4=B. |last5=Türler |first5=A. |last6=Adams |first6=J. L. |last7=Kacher |first7=C. D. |last8=Lane |first8=M. R. |last9=Laue |first9=C.|display-authors=2 |last10=McGrath |first10=C. A. |s2cid=201281991 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236275 }} Later experiments at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California also revealed the formation of a short-lived isomer of 262Rf (which undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of 47 ms),{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.31.1801 |title=Spontaneous fission of rutherfordium isotopes |year=1985 |last1=Somerville |first1=L. P. |last2=Nurmia |first2=M. J. |last3=Nitschke |first3=J. M. |last4=Ghiorso |first4=A. |last5=Hulet |first5=E. K. |last6=Lougheed |first6=R. W. |journal=Physical Review C |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1801–1815 |pmid=9952719 |bibcode=1985PhRvC..31.1801S|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233765 }} and spontaneous fission activities with long lifetimes tentatively assigned to 263Rf.

File:Rutherfordium experimental setup.jpeg

The reaction of californium-249 with carbon-13 was also investigated by the Ghiorso team, which indicated the formation of the short-lived 258Rf (which undergoes spontaneous fission in 11 ms):{{cite journal | last1 = Ghiorso | display-authors = etal | year = 1969 | title = Positive Identification of Two Alpha-Particle-Emitting Isotopes of Element 104 | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 22 | issue = 24| pages = 1317–1320 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.22.1317| bibcode = 1969PhRvL..22.1317G| url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3fm666nq | doi-access = free }}

:{{nuclide|link=yes|californium|249}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|carbon|13}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|258}} + 4 {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}.

In trying to confirm these results by using carbon-12 instead, they also observed the first alpha decays from 257Rf.

The reaction of berkelium-249 with nitrogen-14 was first studied in Dubna in 1977, and in 1985, researchers there confirmed the formation of the 260Rf isotope which quickly undergoes spontaneous fission in 28 ms:

:{{nuclide|link=yes|berkelium|249}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|nitrogen|14}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|260}} + 3 {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}.

In 1996 the isotope 262Rf was observed in LBNL from the fusion of plutonium-244 with neon-22:

:{{nuclide|link=yes|plutonium|244}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|neon|22}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|266−x}} + 4 or 5 {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}.

The team determined a half-life of 2.1 seconds, in contrast to earlier reports of 47 ms and suggested that the two half-lives might be due to different isomeric states of 262Rf.{{cite journal |doi =10.1103/PhysRevC.53.2893| title =Spontaneous fission properties of 104262Rf |year =1996 |author=Lane |journal =Physical Review C |volume =53 |issue = 6 |pages =2893–2899 |bibcode = 1996PhRvC..53.2893L |last2 =Gregorich |first2 =K. |last3 =Lee |first3 =D. |last4 =Mohar |first4 =M. |last5 =Hsu |first5 =M. |last6 =Kacher |first6 =C. |last7 =Kadkhodayan |first7 =B. |last8 =Neu |first8 =M. |last9 =Stoyer |first9 =N. |display-authors =2|last10 =Sylwester|first10 =E. R.|last11 =Yang|first11 =J. C.|last12 =Hoffman|first12 =D. C.| pmid =9971276 }} Studies on the same reaction by a team at Dubna, lead to the observation in 2000 of alpha decays from 261Rf and spontaneous fissions of 261mRf.{{cite journal |last1=Lazarev |first1=Yu |title=Decay properties of 257No, 261Rf, and 262Rf |journal=Physical Review C |volume=62 |issue=6 |year=2000 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.62.064307 |bibcode = 2000PhRvC..62f4307L |last2=Lobanov |first2=Yu. |last3=Oganessian |first3=Yu. |last4=Utyonkov |first4=V. |last5=Abdullin |first5=F. |last6=Polyakov |first6=A. |last7=Rigol |first7=J. |last8=Shirokovsky |first8=I. |last9=Tsyganov |first9=Yu. |display-authors=1 |last10=Iliev |first10=S. |last11=Subbotin |first11=V. |last12=Sukhov |first12=A. |last13=Buklanov |first13=G. |last14=Mezentsev |first14=A. |last15=Subotic |first15=K. |last16=Moody |first16=K. |last17=Stoyer |first17=N. |last18=Wild |first18=J. |last19=Lougheed |first19=R. |pages=64307 }}

The hot fusion reaction using a uranium target was first reported at Dubna in 2000:

:{{nuclide|link=yes|uranium|238}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|magnesium|26}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|264−x}} + x {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}} (x = 3, 4, 5, 6).

They observed decays from 260Rf and 259Rf, and later for 259Rf. In 2006, as part of their program on the study of uranium targets in hot fusion reactions, the team at LBNL also observed 261Rf.{{cite web |url = http://rnc.lbl.gov/nsd/annualreport2005/contributions/Gregorich_LE.pdf| title = Systematic Study of Heavy Element Production in Compound Nucleus Reactions with 238U Targets |last= Gregorich |first=K. E.|publisher = LBNL annual report |year = 2005 |access-date = 2008-02-29|display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal |doi =10.1103/PhysRevC.77.034603 |title =Synthesis of rutherfordium isotopes in the 238U(26Mg,xn)264−xRf reaction and study of their decay properties |journal =Physical Review C |volume =77 |issue =3 |year =2008 |author = Gates |bibcode = 2008PhRvC..77c4603G |last2 =Garcia |first2 =M. A. |last3 =Gregorich |first3 =K. E. |last4 =Düllmann |first4 =Ch. E. |last5 =Dragojević |first5 =I. |last6 =Dvorak |first6 =J. |last7 =Eichler |first7 =R. |last8 =Folden |first8 =C. M. |last9 =Loveland |first9 =W. |display-authors =2 |last10 =Nelson |first10 =S. L. |last11 =Pang |first11 =G. K. |last12 =Stavsetra |first12 =L. |last13 =Sudowe |first13 =R. |last14 =Türler |first14 =A. |last15 =Nitsche |first15 =H. |pages =34603 |s2cid =42983895 |url =https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A18838 }}

=Cold fusion studies=

The first cold fusion experiments involving element 104 were done in 1974 at Dubna, by using light titanium-50 nuclei aimed at lead-208 isotope targets:

:{{nuclide|link=yes|lead|208}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|titanium|50}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|258−x}} + x {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}} (x = 1, 2, or 3).

The measurement of a spontaneous fission activity was assigned to 256Rf,{{cite journal |doi =10.1016/0375-9474(75)91140-9 |title =Experiments on the synthesis of neutron-deficient kurchatovium isotopes in reactions induced by 50Ti Ions |year = 1975 |last1 =Oganessian |first1 = Yu. Ts. |last2=Demin |first2=A. G. |last3=Il'inov |first3=A. S. |last4=Tret'yakova |first4=S. P. |last5=Pleve |first5=A. A. |last6=Penionzhkevich |first6=Yu. É. |last7=Ivanov |first7=M. P. |last8= Tret'yakov |first8=Yu. P. | journal =Nuclear Physics A |volume =38 |issue = 6 |pages =492–501 |bibcode = 1975NuPhA.239..157O }} while later studies done at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung Institute (GSI), also measured decay properties for the isotopes 257Rf, and 255Rf.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF01493453 |title=Study of evaporation residues produced in reactions of 207,208Pb with 50Ti |year=1985 |last1=Heßberger |first1=F. P. |last2=Münzenberg |first2=G. |last3=Hofmann |first3=S. |last4=Reisdorf |first4=W. |last5=Schmidt |first5=K. H. |last6=Schött |first6=H. J. |last7=Armbruster |first7=P. |last8=Hingmann |first8=R. |last9=Thuma |first9=B. |last10=Vermeulen |first10=D. |display-authors=2 |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A |volume=321 |issue=2 |pages=317–327 |bibcode=1985ZPhyA.321..317H|s2cid=118720320 }}{{cite journal |doi =10.1007/s002180050422 |title =Spontaneous fission and alpha-decay properties of neutron deficient isotopes 257−253104 and 258106 |year =1997 |last1 = Heßberger |first1 = F. P. |last2=Hofmann |first2=S. |last3=Ninov |first3=V. |last4=Armbruster |first4=P. |last5=Folger |first5=H. |last6=Münzenberg |first6=G. |last7=Schött |first7=H. J. |last8=Popeko |first8=A. K. |last9=Yeremin |first9=A. V. |last10=Andreyev |first10=A. N. |last11=Saro |first11=S. |journal =Zeitschrift für Physik A |volume =359 |issue =4 |pages =415–425 |bibcode = 1997ZPhyA.359..415A |s2cid =121551261 }}

In 1974 researchers at Dubna investigated the reaction of lead-207 with titanium-50 to produce the isotope 255Rf.{{cite journal |title=Decay properties of neutron-deficient isotopes 256,257Db, 255Rf, 252,253Lr"] |last1=Heßberger |first1=F. P. |last2=Hofmann |first2=S. |last3=Ackermann |first3=D. |last4=Ninov |first4=V. |last5=Leino |first5=M. |last6=Münzenberg |first6=G. |last7=Saro |first7=S. |last8=Lavrentev |first8=A. |last9=Popeko |first9=A. G. |last10=Yeremin |first10=A. V. |last11=Stodel |first11=Ch. |journal=European Physical Journal A |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=57–67 |year=2001 |doi=10.1007/s100500170039 |bibcode=2001EPJA...12...57H|s2cid=117896888 }} In a 1994 study at GSI using the lead-206 isotope, 255Rf as well as 254Rf were detected. 253Rf was similarly detected that year when lead-204 was used instead.

=Decay studies=

Most isotopes with an atomic mass below 262 have also observed as decay products of elements with a higher atomic number, allowing for refinement of their previously measured properties. Heavier isotopes of rutherfordium have only been observed as decay products. For example, a few alpha decay events terminating in 267Rf were observed in the decay chain of darmstadtium-279 since 2004:

:{{nuclide|darmstadtium|279}} → {{nuclide|hassium|275}} + {{SubatomicParticle|alpha}} → {{nuclide|seaborgium|271}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|267}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}}.

This further underwent spontaneous fission with a half-life of about 1.3 h.{{cite book |author=Hofmann, S. |title=The Euroschool Lectures on Physics with Exotic Beams, Vol. III Lecture Notes in Physics |publisher=Springer |year= 2009 |pages=203–252 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85839-3_6 |volume=764|chapter=Superheavy Elements |isbn=978-3-540-85838-6 }}{{cite journal|title=Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions 233,238U, 242Pu, and 248Cm+48Ca|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609|year=2004|journal=Physical Review C|volume=70|page=064609|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yu. Ts.|last2=Utyonkov|first2=V.|last3=Lobanov|first3=Yu.|last4=Abdullin|first4=F.|last5=Polyakov|first5=A.|last6=Shirokovsky|first6=I.|last7=Tsyganov|first7=Yu.|last8=Gulbekian|first8=G.|last9=Bogomolov|first9=S.|first10=B. N. |last10=Gikal|first11=A. N. |last11=Mezentsev|first12=S. |last12=Iliev|first13=V. G. |last13=Subbotin|first14=A. M. |last14=Sukhov|first15=A. A. |last15=Voinov|first16=G. V. |last16=Buklanov|first17=K. |last17=Subotic|first18=V. I. |last18=Zagrebaev|first19=M. G. |last19=Itkis|first20=J. B. |last20=Patin|first21=K. J. |last21=Moody|first22=J. F. |last22=Wild|first23=M. A. |last23=Stoyer|first24=N. J. |last24=Stoyer|first25=D. A. |last25=Shaughnessy|first26=J. M. |last26=Kenneally|first27=P. A. |last27=Wilk|first28=R. W. |last28=Lougheed|first29=R. I. |last29=Il'kaev|first30=S. P. |last30=Vesnovskii|display-authors=10|bibcode = 2004PhRvC..70f4609O|issue=6|url=http://www1.jinr.ru/Preprints/2004/160(E7-2004-160).pdf}}{{cite journal |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yuri |title=Heaviest nuclei from 48Ca-induced reactions |journal=Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=R165–R242 |year=2007 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/34/4/R01 |bibcode = 2007JPhG...34R.165O }}

Investigations on the synthesis of the dubnium-263 isotope in 1999 at the University of Bern revealed events consistent with electron capture to form 263Rf. A rutherfordium fraction was separated, and several spontaneous fission events with long half-lives of about 15 minutes were observed, as well as alpha decays with half-lives of about 10 minutes.{{cite journal |url=http://www.ulrich-rieth.de/publikationen/RCA0301_059.PDF |title=An EC-branch in the decay of 27-s263Db: Evidence for the new isotope263Rf |author=Kratz |journal=Radiochim. Acta |volume=91 |issue=1–2003 |pages=59–62 |year=2003 |doi=10.1524/ract.91.1.59.19010 |last2=Nähler |first2=A. |last3=Rieth |first3=U. |last4=Kronenberg |first4=A. |last5=Kuczewski |first5=B. |last6=Strub |first6=E. |last7=Brüchle |first7=W. |last8=Schädel |first8=M. |last9=Schausten |first9=B. |s2cid=96560109 |display-authors=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225154858/http://www.ulrich-rieth.de/publikationen/RCA0301_059.PDF |archive-date=2009-02-25 }} Reports on the decay chain of flerovium-285 in 2010 showed five sequential alpha decays that terminate in 265Rf, which further undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of 152 seconds.{{cite journal |last1=Ellison |first1=P. |last2=Gregorich |first2=K. |last3=Berryman |first3=J. |last4=Bleuel |first4=D. |last5=Clark |first5=R. |last6=Dragojević |first6=I. |last7=Dvorak |first7=J. |last8=Fallon |first8=P. |last9=Fineman-Sotomayor |first9=C. |last10=N.N. |display-authors=9 | title=New Superheavy Element Isotopes: ^{242}Pu(^{48}Ca,5n)^{285}114 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=105 |year=2010 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.182701 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.105r2701E|first10=J. M. |last11=Gothe |first11=O. R. |last12=Lee |first12=I. Y. |last13=Loveland |first13=W. D. |last14=McLaughlin |first14=J. P. |last15=Paschalis |first15=S. |last16=Petri |first16=M. |last17=Qian |first17=J. |last18=Stavsetra |first18=L. |last19=Wiedeking |first19=M. |last20=Nitsche |first20=H. |issue=18 |pages=182701 |pmid=21231101 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc831769/ }}

Some experimental evidence was obtained in 2004 for a heavier isotope, 268Rf, in the decay chain of an isotope of moscovium:

:{{nuclide|moscovium|288}} → {{nuclide|nihonium|284}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|roentgenium|280}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|meitnerium|276}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|bohrium|272}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|dubnium|268}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} ? → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|268}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}}.

However, the last step in this chain was uncertain. After observing the five alpha decay events that generate dubnium-268, spontaneous fission events were observed with a long half-life. It is unclear whether these events were due to direct spontaneous fission of 268Db, or 268Db produced electron capture events with long half-lives to generate 268Rf. If the latter is produced and decays with a short half-life, the two possibilities cannot be distinguished.{{cite journal |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yury Ts |last2=Dmitriev |first2=Sergey N |title=Superheavy elements in D I Mendeleev's Periodic Table |journal=Russian Chemical Reviews |volume=78 |issue=12 |pages=1077–1087 |year=2009 |doi=10.1070/RC2009v078n12ABEH004096 |bibcode = 2009RuCRv..78.1077O |s2cid=250848732 }} Given that the electron capture of 268Db cannot be detected, these spontaneous fission events may be due to 268Rf, in which case the half-life of this isotope cannot be extracted.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA344 |last=Krebs |first=Robert E. |title=The history and use of our earth's chemical elements: a reference guide |page=344 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |access-date=2010-09-19 |isbn=978-0-313-33438-2 |year=2006}} A similar mechanism is proposed for the formation of the even heavier isotope 270Rf as a short-lived daughter of 270Db (in the decay chain of 294Ts, first synthesized in 2010) which then undergoes spontaneous fission:

:{{nuclide|tennessine|294}} → {{nuclide|moscovium|290}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|nihonium|286}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|roentgenium|282}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|meitnerium|278}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|bohrium|274}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} → {{nuclide|dubnium|270}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}} ? → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|270}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}}.

According to a 2007 report on the synthesis of nihonium, the isotope 282Nh was twice observed to undergo a similar decay to form 266Db. In one case this underwent spontaneous fission with a half-life of 22 minutes. Given that the electron capture of 266Db cannot be detected, these spontaneous fission events may be due to 266Rf, in which case the half-life of this isotope cannot be extracted. In the other case, no spontaneous fission event was observed; it could have been missed, or 266Db might have undergone two more alpha decays to long-lived 258Md, with a half-life (51.5 d) longer than the total time of the experiment.{{cite book |last=Hofmann |first=S. |title=The Euroschool Lectures on Physics with Exotic Beams, Vol. III Lecture Notes in Physics |publisher=Springer |year= 2009 |page=229 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85839-3_6 |volume=764|chapter=Superheavy Elements |isbn=978-3-540-85838-6 }}

{{Clear}}

=Chronology of isotope discovery=

class="wikitable sortable"

|+Summary of all rutherfordium isotopes known

! Isotope

! Half-life

! Ref

! Decay mode

! Year discovered

! discovery reaction

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=252

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000000060|60 ns}}

|ref=

|dm=SF

|year=2024

|re=204Pb(50Ti,2n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=252m

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000013|13 μs}}

|ref=

|dm=

|year=2024

|re=204Pb(50Ti,2n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=253

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.013000|13 ms}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF, α

|year=1997

|re=204Pb(50Ti,n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=253m

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000052|52 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF

|year=1995

|re=204Pb(50Ti,n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=254

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000023|22.9 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF

|year=1997

|re=206Pb(50Ti,2n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=254m1

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000004|4.3 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2015

|re=

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=254m2

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000247|247 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2015

|re=

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=255

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00001.630000|1.63 s}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=α, SF

|year=1975

|re=207Pb(50Ti,2n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=255m1

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000043|43 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2015

|re=

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=255m2

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000016|16 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2020

|re=

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=255m3

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000041|41 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2020

|re=

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=256

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.006600|6.60 ms}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF, α

|year=1975

|re=208Pb(50Ti,2n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=256m1

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000025|25 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2009

|re=

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=256m2

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000017|17 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2009

|re=

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=256m3

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000027|27 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2009

|re=

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=257

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00005.000000|5.0 s}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=α, β+, SF

|year=1969

|re=249Cf(12C,4n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=257m1

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00004.500000|4.5 s}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=α, β+

|year=1997

|re=249Cf(12C,4n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=257m2

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000106|106 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2009

|re=

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=258

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.012500|12.5 ms}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF, α

|year=1969

|re=249Cf(13C,4n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=258m1

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.003400|3.4 ms}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=IT

|year=2016

|re=258Db({{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}},{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}}){{cite journal | last1=Heßberger | first1=F. P. | last2=Antalic | first2=S. | last3=Ackermann | first3=D. | last4=Andel | first4=B. | last5=Block | first5=M. | last6=Kalaninova | first6=Z. | last7=Kindler | first7=B. | last8=Kojouharov | first8=I. | last9=Laatiaoui | first9=M. | last10=Lommel | first10=B. | last11=Mistry | first11=A. K. | last12=Piot | first12=J. | last13=Vostinar | first13=M. | title=Investigation of electron capture decay of 258Db and α decay of 258Rf | journal=The European Physical Journal A | volume=52 | issue=11 | date=2016 | issn=1434-6001 | doi=10.1140/epja/i2016-16328-2}}

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=258m2

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.000015|15 μs}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=

|year=2016

|re=258Db({{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}},{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}})

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=259

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00002.630000|2.63 s}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=α, β+

|year=1969

|re=249Cf(13C,3n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=260

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.021000|21 ms}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF

|year=1985

|re=248Cm(16O,4n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=261

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00002.100000|2.1 s}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF, α

|year=1970

|re=244Pu(22Ne,5n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=261m

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00074.000000|74 s}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=α

|year=1970

|re=248Cm(18O,5n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=262

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.250000|250 ms}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF

|year=1985

|re=244Pu(22Ne,4n)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=262m

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.047000|47 ms}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF

|year=1978

|re=244Pu(22Ne,4n),
248Cm(18O,4n){{cite journal | last1=Somerville | first1=L. P. | last2=Nurmia | first2=M. J. | last3=Nitschke | first3=J. M. | last4=Ghiorso | first4=A. | last5=Hulet | first5=E. K. | last6=Lougheed | first6=R. W. | title=Spontaneous fission of rutherfordium isotopes | journal=Physical Review C | volume=31 | issue=5 | date=1985-05-01 | issn=0556-2813 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.31.1801 | pages=1801–1815| pmid=9952719 | bibcode=1985PhRvC..31.1801S }}

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=263

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00660.0|11 min}}

|ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}

|dm=SF

|year=2003

|re=263Db({{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}},{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}})

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=263m

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00008.0|8 s}}

|ref={{cite journal | last1=Dvorak | first1=J. | last2=Brüchle | first2=W. | last3=Chelnokov | first3=M. | last4=Düllmann | first4=Ch. E. | last5=Dvorakova | first5=Z. | last6=Eberhardt | first6=K. | last7=Jäger | first7=E. | last8=Krücken | first8=R. | last9=Kuznetsov | first9=A. | last10=Nagame | first10=Y. | last11=Nebel | first11=F. | last12=Nishio | first12=K. | last13=Perego | first13=R. | last14=Qin | first14=Z. | last15=Schädel | first15=M. | last16=Schausten | first16=B. | last17=Schimpf | first17=E. | last18=Schuber | first18=R. | last19=Semchenkov | first19=A. | last20=Thörle | first20=P. | last21=Türler | first21=A. | last22=Wegrzecki | first22=M. | last23=Wierczinski | first23=B. | last24=Yakushev | first24=A. | last25=Yeremin | first25=A. | title=Observation of the 3 n Evaporation Channel in the Complete Hot-Fusion Reaction 26Mg + 248Cm Leading to the New Superheavy Nuclide 271Hs | journal=Physical Review Letters | volume=100 | issue=13 | date=2008-04-03 | page=132503 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.132503| pmid=18517941 }}

|dm=SF

|year=2008

|re=263Db({{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}},{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}})

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=265

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00066.0|1.1 min}}

|ref=

|dm=SF

|year=2010

|re=269Sg(—,α)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=266

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00023.0|23 s?}}

|ref=

|dm=SF

|year=2007?

|re=266Db({{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}},{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}})?

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=267

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|02880.0|48 min}}

|ref={{cite journal |title=Investigation of 48Ca-induced reactions with 242Pu and 238U targets at the JINR Superheavy Element Factory |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=24612 |year=2022 |first1=Yu. Ts. |last1=Oganessian |first2=V. K. |last2=Utyonkov |first3=D. |last3=Ibadullayev |page=024612 |display-authors=et al. |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevC.106.024612|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106b4612O |osti=1883808 |s2cid=251759318}}

|dm=SF

|year=2004

|re=271Sg(—,α)

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=268

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00001.4|1.4 s?}}

|ref=

|dm=SF

|year=2004?

|re=268Db({{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}},{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}})?[https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf/pdf AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation]{{cite web | last1=Dmitriev | first1=S N | last2=Eichler | first2=R | last3=Bruchertseifer | first3=H | last4=Itkis | first4=M G | last5=Utyonkov | first5=V K | last6=Aggeler | first6=H W | last7=Lobanov | first7=Yu V | last8=Sokol | first8=E A | last9=Oganessian | first9=Yu T | last10=Wild | first10=J F | last11=Aksenov | first11=N V | last12=Vostokin | first12=G K | last13=Shishkin | first13=S V | last14=Tsyganov | first14=Yu S | last15=Stoyer | first15=M A | last16=Kenneally | first16=J M | last17=Shaughnessy | first17=D A | last18=Schumann | first18=D | last19=Eremin | first19=A V | last20=Hussonnois | first20=M | last21=Wilk | first21=P A | last22=Chepigin | first22=V I | title=Chemical Identification of Dubnium as a Decay Product of Element 115 Produced in the Reaction {{sup|48}}Ca+{{sup|243}}Am | website=CERN Document Server | date=15 October 2004 | url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/831577 | access-date=5 April 2019 | archive-date=25 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325211336/http://cds.cern.ch/record/831577/ | url-status=live }}

}}

{{isotopes summary/isotope

|mn=270

|sym=Rf

|hl={{sort|00000.020000|20 ms?}}

|ref={{cite web |url=https://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?contribId=80&sessionId=7&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=5235 |title=Exploration of Nuclear Structure and Decay of Heaviest Elements at GSI - SHIP |publisher=agenda.infn.it |author=Fritz Peter Heßberger |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918205043/https://agenda.infn.it/getFile.py/access?contribId=80&sessionId=7&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=5235 |url-status=live }}

|dm=SF

|year=2010?

|re=270Db({{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}},{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}})?{{cite book|last=Stock|first=Reinhard|title=Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics and its Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVrdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT305|date=13 September 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-64926-6|page=305|oclc=867630862}}

}}

=Nuclear isomerism=

File:257Rf decay scheme 2006.png

Several early studies on the synthesis of 263Rf have indicated that this nuclide decays primarily by spontaneous fission with a half-life of 10–20 minutes. More recently, a study of hassium isotopes allowed the synthesis of atoms of 263Rf decaying with a shorter half-life of 8 seconds. These two different decay modes must be associated with two isomeric states, but specific assignments are difficult due to the low number of observed events.

During research on the synthesis of rutherfordium isotopes utilizing the 244Pu(22Ne,5n)261Rf reaction, the product was found to undergo exclusive 8.28 MeV alpha decay with a half-life of 78 seconds. Later studies at GSI on the synthesis of copernicium and hassium isotopes produced conflicting data, as 261Rf produced in the decay chain was found to undergo 8.52 MeV alpha decay with a half-life of 4 seconds. Later results indicated a predominant fission branch. These contradictions led to some doubt on the discovery of copernicium. The first isomer is currently denoted 261aRf (or simply 261Rf) whilst the second is denoted 261bRf (or 261mRf). However, it is thought that the first nucleus belongs to a high-spin ground state and the latter to a low-spin metastable state.{{cite report|url=http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/anrep01/B-02heavies.pdf |title=Evidence for isomeric states in 261Rf |last1=Dressler |first1=R. |last2=Türler |first2=A. |publisher=PSI Annual Report 2001 |access-date=2008-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707001918/http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/anrep01/B-02heavies.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-07 }}

The discovery and confirmation of 261bRf provided proof for the discovery of copernicium in 1996.{{Cite journal |journal=Pure Appl. Chem. |year=2009 |title=Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 |format=IUPAC Technical Report |url=http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7510x1601.pdf |doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05 |volume=81 |issue=7 |page=1331 |last1=Barber |first1=R. C. |last2=Gaeggeler |first2=H. W. |last3=Karol |first3=P. J. |last4=Nakahara |first4=H. |last5=Vardaci |first5=E |last6=Vogt |first6=E.|s2cid=95703833 }}

A detailed spectroscopic study of the production of 257Rf nuclei using the reaction 208Pb(50Ti,n)257Rf allowed the identification of an isomeric level in 257Rf. The work confirmed that 257gRf has a complex spectrum with 15 alpha lines. A level structure diagram was calculated for both isomers.{{cite journal |last1=Qian |first1=J. |title=Spectroscopy of Rf257 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=79 |issue=6 |page=064319 |year=2009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.79.064319 |bibcode = 2009PhRvC..79f4319Q |last2=Heinz |first2=A. |last3=Khoo |first3=T. |last4=Janssens |first4=R. |last5=Peterson |first5=D. |last6=Seweryniak |first6=D. |last7=Ahmad |first7=I. |last8=Asai |first8=M. |last9=Back |first9=B. |display-authors=1 |last10=Carpenter |first10=M. |last11=Garnsworthy |first11=A. |last12=Greene |first12=J. |last13=Hecht |first13=A. |last14=Jiang |first14=C. |last15=Kondev |first15=F. |last16=Lauritsen |first16=T. |last17=Lister |first17=C. |last18=Robinson |first18=A. |last19=Savard |first19=G. |last20=Scott |first20=R. |last21=Vondrasek |first21=R. |last22=Wang |first22=X. |last23=Winkler |first23=R. |last24=Zhu |first24=S. }} Similar isomers were reported for 256Rf also.{{cite journal |author = Jeppesen |title = Multi-quasiparticle states in256Rf |doi =10.1103/PhysRevC.79.031303 |journal = Physical Review C |year=2009 |volume=79 |issue = 3 |page = 031303(R) |bibcode = 2009PhRvC..79c1303J |last2 = Dragojević |first2 = I. |last3 = Clark |first3 = R. |last4 = Gregorich |first4 = K. |last5 = Ali |first5 = M. |last6 = Allmond |first6 = J. |last7 = Beausang |first7 = C. |last8 = Bleuel |first8 = D. |last9 = Cromaz |first9 = M. |display-authors = 2 |last10 = Deleplanque |first10 = M. |last11 = Ellison |first11 = P. |last12 = Fallon |first12 = P. |last13 = Garcia |first13 = M. |last14 = Gates |first14 = J. |last15 = Greene |first15 = J. |last16 = Gros |first16 = S. |last17 = Lee |first17 = I. |last18 = Liu |first18 = H. |last19 = MacChiavelli |first19 = A. |last20 = Nelson |first20 = S. |last21 = Nitsche |first21 = H. |last22 = Pavan |first22 = J. |last23 = Stavsetra |first23 = L. |last24 = Stephens |first24 = F. |last25 = Wiedeking |first25 = M. |last26 = Wyss |first26 = R. |last27 = Xu |first27 = F. }}

Chemical yields of isotopes

= Cold fusion =

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing rutherfordium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

class="wikitable"
Projectile

! Target

! CN

! 1n

! 2n

! 3n

50Ti

| 208Pb

| 258Rf

| 38.0 nb, 17.0 MeV

| 12.3 nb, 21.5 MeV

| 660 pb, 29.0 MeV

50Ti

| 207Pb

| 257Rf

| 4.8 nb

|

|

50Ti

| 206Pb

| 256Rf

| 800 pb, 21.5 MeV

| 2.4 nb, 21.5 MeV

|

50Ti

| 204Pb

| 254Rf

| 190 pb, 15.6 MeV

|

|

48Ti

| 208Pb

| 256Rf

| 380 pb, 17.0 MeV

|

|

= Hot fusion =

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing rutherfordium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

class="wikitable"
Projectile

! Target

! CN

! 3n

! 4n

! 5n

26Mg

| 238U

| 264Rf

|

| 240 pb

| 1.1 nb

22Ne

| 244Pu

| 266Rf

|

| +

| 4.0 nb

18O

| 248Cm

| 266Rf

|

| +

| 13.0 nb

References

{{reflist|30em}}

  • Isotope masses from:
  • {{cite journal |author=M. Wang |author2=G. Audi |author3=A. H. Wapstra |author4=F. G. Kondev |author5=M. MacCormick |author6=X. Xu|year=2012 |title=The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references. |url=http://amdc.in2p3.fr/masstables/Ame2012/Ame2012b-v2.pdf |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=36 |issue= 12 |pages=1603–2014 |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003|bibcode = 2012ChPhC..36....3M |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0010-23E8-5 |s2cid=250839471 |display-authors=etal}}
  • {{NUBASE 2003}}
  • Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
  • {{NUBASE 2003}}
  • {{NNDC}}
  • {{CRC85|chapter=11}}

External links

  • http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/elements/isotopes_data/104.html
  • http://www-phynu.cea.fr/science_en_ligne/carte_potentiels_microscopiques/choix/isotopes/z104_eng.html
  • http://www.springermaterials.com/docs/info/978-3-540-70609-0_7730.html

{{Navbox element isotopes}}

Category:Rutherfordium

Rutherfordium