Isotopes of sodium#Sodium-18

There are 20 isotopes of sodium (₁₁Na), ranging from {{chem|17|Na}} to {{chem|39|Na}} (except for the still-unknown ³⁶Na and ³⁸Na),{{cite journal |last=Ahn |first=D.S. |display-authors=etal |title=Discovery of ³⁹Na |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=129 |issue=21 |article-number=212502 |date=2022-11-14 |page=212502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212502|pmid=36461972 |bibcode=2022PhRvL.129u2502A |s2cid=253591660 |doi-access=free }} and five isomers (two for {{chem|22|Na}}, and one each for {{chem|24|Na}}, {{chem|26|Na}}, and {{chem|32|Na}}). {{chem|23|Na}} is the only stable (and the only primordial) isotope. It is considered a monoisotopic element and it has a standard atomic weight of {{val|22.98976928|(2)}}. Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes ({{chem|22|Na}}, with a half-life of {{val|2.6019|(6)|u=years}};{{refn|group=nb|name=NUBASE2020 tropical year|Note that NUBASE2020 uses the tropical year to convert between years and other units of time, not the Gregorian year. The relationship between years and other time units in NUBASE2020 is as follows: {{nowrap|1=1 y = 365.2422 d = 31 556 926 s}} }} and {{chem|link=Sodium-24|24|Na}}, with a half-life of {{val|14.9560|(15)|u=hours}}). With the exception of those two isotopes, all other isotopes have half-lives under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is the unbound {{chem|18|Na}}, with a half-life of {{val|1.3|(4)|e=−21}} seconds (although the half-life of the similarly unbound ¹⁷Na is not measured).

Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear criticality accident) converts some of the stable {{chem|23|Na}} (in the form of Na⁺ ion) in human blood plasma to {{chem|24|Na}}. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.

{{chem|22|Na}} is a positron-emitting isotope with a remarkably long half-life. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources for positron emission tomography.

List of isotopes

{{Isotopes table

|symbol=Na

|refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II

|notes=m, unc(), mass#, hl#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, n, p, IT

}}

| {{anchor|Sodium-17}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|17}}

| style="text-align:right" | 11

| style="text-align:right" | 6

| {{val|17.037270|(60)}}

| p

| {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|16}}

| (1/2+)

| {{anchor|Sodium-18}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|18}}

| style="text-align:right" | 11

| style="text-align:right" | 7

| {{val|18.02688|(10)}}

| {{val|1.3|(4)|u=zs}}

| p ?Decay mode shown has been observed, but its intensity is not known experimentally.

| {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|17}}

| 1−#

| {{anchor|Sodium-19}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|19}}

| style="text-align:right" | 11

| style="text-align:right" | 8

| {{val|19.013880|(11)}}

| > {{val|1|u=as}}

| p

| {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|18}}

| (5/2+)

| rowspan=2|{{anchor|Sodium-20}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|20}}

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 9

| rowspan=2|{{val|20.0073543|(12)}}

| rowspan=2|{{val|447.9|(2.3)|u=ms}}

| β⁺ ({{val|75.0|(4)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|20}}

| rowspan=2|2+

| rowspan=2|

| β⁺α ({{val|25.0|(4)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Oxygen|16}}

| {{anchor|Sodium-21}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|21}}

| style="text-align:right" | 11

| style="text-align:right" | 10

| {{val|20.99765446|(5)}}

| {{val|22.4550|(54)|u=s}}

| β⁺

| {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|21}}

| 3/2+

| rowspan=2|Sodium-22

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=2|{{val|21.99443742|(18)}}

| rowspan=2|{{val|2.6019|(6)|u=y}}{{refn|group=nb|name=NUBASE2020 tropical year}}

| β⁺ ({{val|90.57|(8)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|22}}

| rowspan=2|3+

| rowspan=2|TraceCosmogenic nuclide

| ε ({{val|9.43|(6)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|22}}

|-id=Sodium-22m1

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|22m1}}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|583.05|(10)|u=keV}}

| {{val|243|(2)|u=ns}}

| IT

| {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|22}}

| 1+

|-id=Sodium-22m2

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|22m2}}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|657.00|(14)|u=keV}}

| {{val|19.6|(7)|u=ps}}

| IT

| {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|22}}

| 0+

| {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|23}}

| style="text-align:right" | 11

| style="text-align:right" | 12

| {{val|22.9897692820|(19)}}

| colspan=3 align=center|Stable

| 3/2+

| style="text-align:center"|{{val|1}}

| Sodium-24

| style="text-align:right" | 11

| style="text-align:right" | 13

| {{val|23.990963012|(18)}}

| {{val|14.9560|(15)|u=h}}

| β⁻

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|24}}

| 4+

| Trace

|-id=Sodium-24m

| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|24m}}

| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|472.2074|(8)|u=keV}}

| rowspan=2|{{val|20.18|(10)|u=ms}}

| IT ({{val|99.95|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|24}}

| rowspan=2|1+

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻ ({{val|0.05|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|24}}

| {{anchor|Sodium-25}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|25}}

| style="text-align:right" | 11

| style="text-align:right" | 14

| {{val|24.9899540|(13)}}

| {{val|59.1|(6)|u=s}}

| β⁻

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|25}}

| 5/2+

| {{anchor|Sodium-26}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|26}}

| style="text-align:right" | 11

| style="text-align:right" | 15

| {{val|25.992635|(4)}}

| {{val|1.07128|(25)|u=s}}

| β⁻

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|26}}

| 3+

|-id=Sodium-26m

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|26m}}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|82.4|(4)|u=keV}}

| {{val|4.35|(16)|u=μs}}

| IT

| {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|26}}

| 1+

| rowspan=2|{{anchor|Sodium-27}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|27}}

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16

| rowspan=2| {{val|26.994076|(4)}}

| rowspan=2| {{val|301|(6)|u=ms}}

| β⁻ ({{val|99.902|(24)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|27}}

| rowspan=2|5/2+

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻n ({{val|0.098|(24)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|26}}

| rowspan=2|{{anchor|Sodium-28}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|28}}

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 17

| rowspan=2|{{val|27.998939|(11)}}

| rowspan=2|{{val|33.1|(1.3)|u=ms}}

| β⁻ ({{val|99.42|(12)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|28}}

| rowspan=2|1+

| rowspan=2|

| β⁻n ({{val|0.58|(12)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|27}}

| rowspan=3|{{anchor|Sodium-29}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|29}}

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 18

| rowspan=3|{{val|29.002877|(8)}}

| rowspan=3|{{val|43.2|(4)|u=ms}}

| β⁻ ({{val|78|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|29}}

| rowspan=3|3/2+

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻n ({{val|22|(3)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|28}}

| β⁻2n ?Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|27}} ?

| rowspan=4|{{anchor|Sodium-30}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|30}}

| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 19

| rowspan=4|{{val|30.009098|(5)}}

| rowspan=4|{{val|45.9|(7)|u=ms}}

| β⁻ ({{val|70.2|(2.2)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|30}}

| rowspan=4|2+

| rowspan=4|

| β⁻n ({{val|28.6|(2.2)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|29}}

| β⁻2n ({{val|1.24|(19)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|28}}

| β⁻α ({{val|5.5e-5|(2)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|26}}

| rowspan=4|{{anchor|Sodium-31}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|31}}

| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 20

| rowspan=4|{{val|31.013147|(15)}}

| rowspan=4|{{val|16.8|(3)|u=ms}}

| β⁻ (> {{val|63.2|(3.5)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|31}}

| rowspan=4|3/2+

| rowspan=4|

| β⁻n ({{val|36.0|(3.5)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|30}}

| β⁻2n ({{val|0.73|(9)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|29}}

| β⁻3n (< {{val|0.05|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|28}}

| rowspan=3|{{anchor|Sodium-32}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|32}}

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 21

| rowspan=3|{{val|32.020010|(40)}}

| rowspan=3|{{val|12.9|(3)|u=ms}}

| β⁻ ({{val|66.4|(6.2)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|32}}

| rowspan=3|(3−)

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻n ({{val|26|(6)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|31}}

| β⁻2n ({{val|7.6|(1.5)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|30}}

|-id=Sodium-32m

| style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|32m}}{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=T. J. |last2=Allmond |first2=J. M. |last3=Xu |first3=Z. |last4=King |first4=T. T. |last5=Lubna |first5=R. S. |last6=Crawford |first6=H. L. |last7=Tripathi |first7=V. |last8=Crider |first8=B. P. |last9=Grzywacz |first9=R. |last10=Liddick |first10=S. N. |last11=Macchiavelli |first11=A. O. |last12=Miyagi |first12=T. |last13=Poves |first13=A. |last14=Andalib |first14=A. |last15=Argo |first15=E. |last16=Benetti |first16=C. |last17=Bhattacharya |first17=S. |last18=Campbell |first18=C. M. |last19=Carpenter |first19=M. P. |last20=Chan |first20=J. |last21=Chester |first21=A. |last22=Christie |first22=J. |last23=Clark |first23=B. R. |last24=Cox |first24=I. |last25=Doetsch |first25=A. A. |last26=Dopfer |first26=J. |last27=Duarte |first27=J. G. |last28=Fallon |first28=P. |last29=Frotscher |first29=A. |last30=Gaballah |first30=T. |last31=Harke |first31=J. T. |last32=Heideman |first32=J. |last33=Huegen |first33=H. |last34=Holt |first34=J. D. |last35=Jain |first35=R. |last36=Kitamura |first36=N. |last37=Kolos |first37=K. |last38=Kondev |first38=F. G. |last39=Laminack |first39=A. |last40=Longfellow |first40=B. |last41=Luitel |first41=S. |last42=Madurga |first42=M. |last43=Mahajan |first43=R. |last44=Mogannam |first44=M. J. |last45=Morse |first45=C. |last46=Neupane |first46=S. |last47=Nowicki |first47=A. |last48=Ogunbeku |first48=T. H. |last49=Ong |first49=W.-J. |last50=Porzio |first50=C. |last51=Prokop |first51=C. J. |last52=Rasco |first52=B. C. |last53=Ronning |first53=E. K. |last54=Rubino |first54=E. |last55=Ruland |first55=T. J. |last56=Rykaczewski |first56=K. P. |last57=Schaedig |first57=L. |last58=Seweryniak |first58=D. |last59=Siegl |first59=K. |last60=Singh |first60=M. |last61=Stuchbery |first61=A. E. |last62=Tabor |first62=S. L. |last63=Tang |first63=T. L. |last64=Wheeler |first64=T. |last65=Winger |first65=J. A. |last66=Wood |first66=J. L. |title=Microsecond Isomer at the N = 20 Island of Shape Inversion Observed at FRIB |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=13 June 2023 |volume=130 |issue=24 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.242501|arxiv=2302.11607 }}

| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|625|u=keV}}

| {{val|24|(2)|u=μs}}

| IT

| {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|32}}

| (0+,6−)

| rowspan=3|{{anchor|Sodium-33}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|33}}

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22

| rowspan=3|{{val|33.02553|(48)}}

| rowspan=3|{{val|8.2|(4)|u=ms}}

| β⁻n ({{val|47|(6)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|32}}

| rowspan=3|(3/2+)

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻ ({{val|40.0|(6.7)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|33}}

| β⁻2n ({{val|13|(3)|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|31}}

| rowspan=3|{{anchor|Sodium-34}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|34}}

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 23

| rowspan=3|{{val|34.03401|(64)}}

| rowspan=3|{{val|5.5|(1.0)|u=ms}}

| β⁻2n (~{{val|50|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|32}}

| rowspan=3|1+

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻ (~{{val|35|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|34}}

| β⁻n (~{{val|15|u=%}})

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|33}}

| rowspan=3|{{anchor|Sodium-35}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|35}}

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24

| rowspan=3|{{val|35.04061|(72)}}#

| rowspan=3|{{val|1.5|(5)|u=ms}}

| β⁻

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|35}}

| rowspan=3|3/2+#

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻n ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|34}} ?

| β⁻2n ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|33}} ?

| rowspan=3|{{anchor|Sodium-37}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|37}}

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 26

| rowspan=3|{{val|37.05704|(74)}}#

| rowspan=3|1# ms [> {{val|1.5|u=μs}}]

| β⁻ ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|37}} ?

| rowspan=3|3/2+#

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻n ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|36}} ?

| β⁻2n ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|35}} ?

| rowspan=3|{{anchor|Sodium-39}}{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|39}}

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11

| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28

| rowspan=3|{{val|39.07512|(80)}}#

| rowspan=3|1# ms [> {{val|400|u=ns}}]

| β⁻ ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|39}} ?

| rowspan=3|3/2+#

| rowspan=3|

| β⁻n ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|38}} ?

| β⁻2n ?

| {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|37}} ?

Sodium-22

File:Sodium-22,_1-microcurie_disk.jpg

Sodium-22 is a radioactive isotope of sodium, undergoing positron emission to {{chem|link=Isotopes of neon|22|Ne}} with a half-life of {{val|2.6019|(6)|u=years}}. {{chem|22|Na}} is being investigated as an efficient generator of "cold positrons" (antimatter) to produce muons for catalyzing fusion of deuterium.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} It is also commonly used as a positron source in positron annihilation spectroscopy.{{Cite journal|last1=Saro|first1=Matúš|last2=Kršjak|first2=Vladimír|last3=Petriska|first3=Martin|last4=Slugeň|first4=Vladimír|date=2019-07-29|title=Sodium-22 source contribution determination in positron annihilation measurements using GEANT4|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.5119492|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|volume=2131|issue=1|pages=020039|doi=10.1063/1.5119492|bibcode=2019AIPC.2131b0039S |s2cid=201349680 |issn=0094-243X}}

Sodium-23

Sodium-23 is an isotope of sodium with an atomic mass of 22.98976928. It is the only stable isotope of sodium and also the only primordial isotope. Because of its abundance, sodium-23 is used in nuclear magnetic resonance in various research fields, including materials science and battery research.{{cite journal| last = Gotoh| first = Kazuma |title = 23Na Solid-State NMR Analyses for Na-Ion Batteries and Materials| date = 8 February 2021 | url = https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/batt.202000295 | journal = Batteries & Supercaps

| volume = 4 |issue =8 | pages = 1267–127| doi = 10.1002/batt.202000295 | s2cid = 233827472 }} Sodium-23 relaxation has applications in studying cation-biomolecule interactions, intracellular and extracellular sodium, ion transport in batteries, and quantum information processing.{{Cite journal| last1 = Song| first1 = Yifan| last2 = Yin | first2 = Yu| last3 = Chen| first3 = Qinlong| last4 = Marchetti| first4 = Alessandro | last5 = Kong| first5 = Xueqian| title = 23Na relaxometry: An overview of theory and applications| journal = Magnetic Resonance Letters| year = 2023 | volume =3| issue =2 |pages =150–174 | doi = 10.1016/j.mrl.2023.04.001| doi-access = free}}

Sodium-24

Sodium-24 is radioactive and can be created from common sodium-23 by neutron activation. With a half-life of {{val|14.9560|(15)|u=hours}}, {{chem|24|Na}} decays to {{chem|link=Isotopes of magnesium|24|Mg}} by emission of an electron and two gamma rays.{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/sodium-24|title=sodium-24|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}

Exposure of the human body to intense neutron radiation creates {{chem|24|Na}} in the blood plasma. Measurements of its quantity can be done to determine the absorbed radiation dose of a patient.{{cite journal|title=Neutron dose assessment using samples of human blood and hair |first1=Daniela |last1=Ekendahl |first2=Peter |last2=Rubovič |first3=Pavel |last3=Žlebčík |first4=Ivan |last4=Hupka |first5=Ondřej |last5=Huml |first6=Věra |last6=Bečková |first7=Helena |last7=Malá |date=7 November 2019 |doi=10.1093/rpd/ncz202|journal=Radiation Protection Dosimetry|volume=186|issue=2–3|pages=202–205|pmid=31702764 }} This can be used to determine the type of medical treatment required.

When sodium is used as coolant in fast breeder reactors, {{chem|24|Na}} is created, which makes the coolant radioactive. When the {{chem|24|Na}} decays, it causes a buildup of magnesium in the coolant. Since the half-life is short, the {{chem|24|Na}} portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor. Leakage of the hot sodium from the primary loop may cause radioactive fires,[https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1180_prn.pdf Unusual occurrences during LMFR operation], Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting held in Vienna, 9–13 November 1998, IAEA. Pages 84, 122. as it can ignite in contact with air (and explodes in contact with water). For this reason the primary cooling loop is within a containment vessel.

Sodium has been proposed as a casing for a salted bomb, as it would convert to {{chem|24|Na}} and produce intense gamma-ray emissions for a few days.{{cite magazine|magazine = Time|url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828877,00.html|title = Science: fy for Doomsday|date = November 24, 1961|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160314102436/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828877,00.html|url-status = live|url-access = subscription|archive-date = March 14, 2016}}{{cite journal | first=W. H. | last=Clark | title=Chemical and Thermonuclear Explosives | journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists | year=1961 | volume=17 | issue=9 | pages=356–360 | doi=10.1080/00963402.1961.11454268| bibcode=1961BuAtS..17i.356C }}

Notes

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712011829/http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/Na_iso.htm Sodium isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's]

Category:Sodium

Sodium