Isoxsuprine
{{Short description|Group of stereoisomers}}
{{Infobox drug
| drug_name =
| type =
| IUPAC_name = 4-
| image = Isoxsuprine.svg
| width = 250
| alt =
| caption =
| pronounce ={{IPAc-en|aɪ|ˈ|s|ɒ|k|sj|ʊ|p|r|iː|n}}
| tradename = Duvadilan, Vasodilan
| Drugs.com =
| MedlinePlus = a682831
| pregnancy_AU =
| pregnancy_AU_comment =
| pregnancy_US = C
| pregnancy_category =
| routes_of_administration = Oral (tablets)
| legal_AU =
| legal_AU_comment =
| legal_CA =
| legal_DE =
| legal_NZ =
| legal_UK =
| legal_US =
| legal_UN =
| legal_status = Rx-only
| bioavailability = ~100% (humans),{{cite book | vauthors = McGuigan MA, Whyte IM, Dawson AH, Seifert SA, Schonwald S, Yip L, Keyes DC, Hurlbut KM, Erdman AR, Dart RC | display-authors = 6 |chapter=125. Vasodilators | veditors = Dart RC |title=Medical Toxicology |date=2004 |publisher= Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia [u.a.] |isbn=978-0781728454 |page=718 |edition=3rd}} 2.2% (horses; oral){{cite journal | vauthors = Erkert RS, Macallister CG | title = Isoxsuprine hydrochloride in the horse: a review | journal = Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–87 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 12000527 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00386.x }}
| protein_bound =
| metabolism =
| metabolites =
| onset = 1 hour
| elimination_half-life = <3 hours (horses){{cite book | veditors = Cole C, Bentz B, Maxwell L |title=Equine Pharmacology |date=2014 |publisher=Wiley—Blackwell |isbn=978-0-8138-2262-4 |page=224 |chapter=13. Clinical pharmacology of the equine musculoskeletal system }}
| duration_of_action =
| excretion = Mainly renal
| CAS_number = 395-28-8
| ATCvet =
| ATC_prefix = C04
| ATC_suffix = AA01
| PubChem = 3783
| DrugBank = DB08941
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1197051
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D08092
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = R15UI3245N
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3651
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C18H23NO3/c1-13(12-22-17-6-4-3-5-7-17)19-14(2)18(21)15-8-10-16(20)11-9-15/h3-11,13-14,18-21H,12H2,1-2H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = BMUKKTUHUDJSNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| SMILES = O(c1ccccc1)CC(NC(C)C(O)c2ccc(O)cc2)C
| chemical_formula = | C=18 | H=23 | N=1 | O=3
| molecular_weight =
}}
Isoxsuprine (used as isoxsuprine hydrochloride) is a drug used as a vasodilator{{cite journal | vauthors = Gozo EG, Yebes RB | title = Hemodynamic effects of isoxsuprine in cardiac failure | journal = Chest | volume = 86 | issue = 5 | pages = 736–40 | date = November 1984 | pmid = 6488912 | doi = 10.1378/chest.86.5.736 }} in humans (under the trade name Duvadilan) and equines. Isoxsuprine is a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle via β2 receptors.{{cite journal | vauthors = Falkay G, Kovács L | title = Affinity of tocolytic agents on human placental and myometrial beta-adrenergic receptors | journal = Journal of Perinatal Medicine | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–13 | year = 1986 | pmid = 2874205 | doi = 10.1515/jpme.1986.14.2.109 | s2cid = 6039919 | url = http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/12854 }}
Use
=In humans=
Isoxsuprine is used in humans for treatment of premature labor, i.e. a tocolytic,{{cite journal | vauthors = Giorgino FL, Egan CG | title = Use of isoxsuprine hydrochloride as a tocolytic agent in the treatment of preterm labour: a systematic review of previous literature | journal = Arzneimittel-Forschung | volume = 60 | issue = 7 | pages = 415–20 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20712130 | doi = 10.1055/s-0031-1296305 | s2cid = 21297911 }} and as a vasodilator for the treatment of cerebral vascular insufficiency, Raynaud's phenomenon, and other conditions.{{cite web | work = Drugs.com | url = https://www.drugs.com/mtm/isoxsuprine.html | title = Isoxsuprine }}
Isoxsuprine may increase the heart rate, cause changes in blood pressure, and irritate the GI tract. It should therefore be used with caution if combined with other drugs that affect blood pressure, such as sedatives and anesthetic drugs.
=In horses=
Isoxsuprine is most commonly used to treat hoof-related problems in the horse, most commonly for laminitis and navicular disease, as its effects as a vasodilator are thought to increase circulation within the hoof to help counteract the problems associated with these conditions. Isoxsuprine is given orally, and many horses find the pills quite palatable.{{cite book | vauthors = Forney BC | title = Equine Medications | publisher = Eclipse Press | location = Lexington, KY | year = 2007 | oclc = 1360077554 | series = The Horse health care library }} Isoxsuprine is a prohibited class B drug in FEI-regulated competition, and is often prohibited by other equine associations. It may be detected in the urine for several weeks or months following administration. It is therefore important to check the drug-rules within an animal's given competitive organization, before administering the drug.
Because it is a vasodilator, it should not be used in horses that are bleeding, or in mares following foaling.
References
{{reflist|32em}}
{{Peripheral vasodilators}}
{{Adrenergic receptor modulators}}
{{Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators}}
Category:Beta-adrenergic agonists
Category:Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines
Category:NMDA receptor antagonists