Isthmian Games
{{Short description|Panhellenic game of Ancient Greece}}
Isthmian Games or Isthmia (Ancient Greek: Ἴσθμια) were one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece, and were named after the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were held. As with the Nemean Games, the Isthmian Games were held both the year before and the year after the Olympic Games (the second and fourth years of an Olympiad), while the Pythian Games were held in the third year of the Olympiad cycle.
Origin
The Games were reputed to have originated as funeral games for Melicertes (also known as Palaemon), instituted by Sisyphus, legendary founder and king of Corinth, who discovered the dead body and buried it subsequently on the Isthmus.Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod%2e+3%2e4%2e3 3.4.3]; Pausanias, Description of Greece [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus%2e+2%2e1%2e3 2.1.3], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%201.44.8 1.44.8]. It is likely that Pindar already described this version of the origin of the games (in a fragment of the Isthian odes). For more information, see E.R. Gebhard & M.W. Dickie, [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/publications/hero/hero.html Melikertes-Palaimon, Hero of the Isthmian Games] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310005240/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/publications/hero/hero.html |date=2007-03-10 }}."... the Isthmia lament Melicertes ..." (... Μελικέρτην ὀδύρεται τὰ Ἴσθμια ...: Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_02_book2.htm 2.6] (= Clemens, Protrepticus 2.34.1). In Roman times, Melicertes was worshipped in the region.Pausanias, Description of Greece [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus%2e+2%2e1%2e3 2.1.3], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.1 2.2.1]. Another likely later myth held that Theseus, legendary king of Athens, expanded Melicertes' funeral games from a closed nightly rite into fully-fledged athletic-games event which was dedicated to Poseidon, open to all Greeks, and was at a suitable level of advancement and popularity to rival those in Olympia, which were founded by Heracles.Plutarch, Life of Theseus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20thes.%2025 25.4–5]. Theseus arranged with the Corinthians for any Athenian visitors to the Isthmian games to be granted the privilege of front seats (prohedria, Ancient Greek προεδρία).Plutarch, Life of Theseus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20thes.%2025 25.4–5]. Another version states that Kypselos, tyrant of Corinth in the 7th century BC, returned to the Games their old splendour.[http://www.cubicao.tk/theory/cuberepresentation.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601214258/http://www.cubicao.tk/theory/cuberepresentation.html|date=June 1, 2007}}Solinus, Wonders of the World [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/solinus5.html 7.14].
Organization
The first Isthmian Games were held in 582 BC.According to Solinus, the Isthmian Games were constituted in the 49th Olympiad (Solinus, Wonders of the World [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/solinus5.html 7.14]). The 49th Olympiad began in 584 BC. The Olympic Games took place in [http://www.friesian.com/apology.htm#note-1 July/August]; the Isthmian Games in April/May of the second year of the Olympiad. The second year of the 49th Olympiad was from July/August 583 to July/August 582 BC. The date 582 BC is accepted by historically-derived documents, for instance, Der neue Pauly (under Isthmia).
The festival included athletic and musical competitions to honor the god Poseidon, and was held in the spring of the second and fourth years of each Olympiad at Poseidon's rural sanctuary on the Isthmus of Corinth, the small neck of land that connects the Peloponnesian peninsula with Central Greece. Since it was easy to reach both from land and sea, the Isthmia was a natural meeting place.
This festival was open to all Greeks and the Isthmian games were especially popular with Athenians, though the Eleans boycotted them.{{cite book |last1=Pausanias |title=Description of Greece |location=6.3.9; 6.16.2}} The Isthmian games were used by many as a forum for political propaganda.
These were stephanitic games (i.e., with a crown as prize) and at least until the 5th century BC (Pindar's time) the winners of the Isthmian games received a wreath of celery; Ancient Greek σέλινον: Pindar, Isthmian Odes [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Pind.+I.+2 2.16], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Pind.+I.+8 8.64].
later, the wreath was altered such that it consisted of pine leaves"At the Isthmus the pine, and at Nemea celery became the prize to commemorate the sufferings of Palaemon and Archemorus." (Pausanias, Description of Greece [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%208.48 8.48.2]).
(1.) Ἀναβαίνοντι δ' αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑
όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι
(2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑
μεῖον, ὅτι τὰ μνήματα τῶν νεκρῶν εἰώθαμεν ἐπιεικῶς στεφανοῦν σελί‑
νοις· καὶ παροιμία τις ἐκ τούτου γέγονε, τὸν ἐπισφαλῶς νοσοῦντα δεῖσθαι
(3.) [τοῦτον] τοῦ σελίνου. βουλόμενος οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς δεισιδαιμο‑
νίας καὶ τὴν δυσελπιστίαν ἀφελεῖν, ὁ Τιμολέων ἐπιστήσας τὴν πορείαν
ἄλλα τε
ἔφη πρὸ τῆς νίκης κομιζόμενον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἥκειν, ᾧπερ
Κορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5)
(4.)
(5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ' ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.}}" (Plutarch, [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/timoleon.html Life of Timoleon]).Todo: Oscar Broneer, 'The Isthmian victory crown', American Journal of Archaeology 66 (1962), pp.259–263. and called Isthmian pine (Ἰσθμικὴ πίτυς).[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/iota/639 Suda, iota, 639] Victors could also be honored with a statuePausanias, Description of Greece [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.1.7 2.1.7]. None of the statues have survived. or an ode. Besides these prizes of honor, the city of Athens awarded victorious Athenians with 100 drachmas.From Solon (638–558 BC) onwards, for he laid it down that "the victor in the Isthmian games was to be paid a hundred drachmas, and the Olympic victor five hundred" (Plutarch, Live of Solon [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20sol.%2023.3 23.3]). According to Diogenes Laërtius, Solon "diminished the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred" (Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of Philosophers 1.55: [http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlsolon.htm Solon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902180509/http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlsolon.htm |date=2010-09-02 }}; [http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/dl/dl01.html#solon Greek]). For comparison: the daily wage for a skilled worked was approximately 1 drachma. Victors in the Isthmian games were not included in those athletes that were entitled to free meals in the
File:Comic History of Rome Table 07 Flaminius restoring Liberty to Greece at the Isthmian Games.jpg
From 228 BC or 229 BC onwards the Romans were allowed to take part in the games.Polybius, Histories [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plb.%202.12 2.12.8]. In 196 BC Titus Quinctius Flamininus used the occasion of the games to proclaim the freedom of the Greek states from Macedonian hegemony.Polybius, Histories [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Aid%3Db18c46 18.46]. According to Appian's account: {{quote|When he had arranged these things with them he went to the Isthmian games, and, the stadium being full of people, he commanded silence by trumpet and directed the herald to make this proclamation, "The Roman people and Senate, and Flamininus, their general, having vanquished the Macedonians and Philip, their king, order that Greece shall be free from foreign garrisons, not subject to tribute, and shall live under her own customs and laws."
Thereupon there was great shouting and rejoicing and a scene of rapturous tumult; and groups here and there called the herald back in order that he might repeat his words for them. They threw crowns and fillets upon the general and voted statues for him in their cities. They sent ambassadors with golden crowns to the Capitol at Rome to express their gratitude, and inscribed themselves as allies of the Roman people. Such was the end of the second war between the Romans and Philip.{{cite web|title=Appian, Roman History|url=https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia2.html |publisher=livius.org}}}}
Since the games' inception, Corinth had always been in control of them. When Corinth was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC, the Isthmian games continued,Pausanias, Description of Greece [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.2 2.2.1]. but were now administered by Sicyon. Corinth was rebuilt by Caesar in 44 BC,Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.2. and recovered ownership of the Games shortly thereafter, but they were then held in Corinth. They did not return to the Isthmus until AD 42 or 43.{{Cite journal|last=Kajava|first=Mika|date=2002|title=When did the Isthmian Games return to the Isthmus?|journal=Classical Philology |volume=97|pages=168–178R|doi=10.1086/449579|s2cid=161303253 }} Libanius mentions the continuation of cultic activities at the Isthmus into the middle of the 4th century, and the games probably continued at least until the end of that century.{{cite book|last=Rothaus|first=Richard M.|title=Corinth, The First City of Greece: An Urban History of Late Antique Cult and Religion|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|year=2000|pages=84–86}} The circumstances of their demise are unknown. Imperial pressure against pagan rituals was heightened at the end of the 4th century, but some polytheistic cult practices certainly continued at Corinth into the 6th century.Richard M. Rothaus, Corinth: The First City of Greece (Brill, 2000), pp. 86–87.
Contests
The games were the same as those in Olympia including wrestling, pancration, and horse racing. Among other competitions were:Pausanias, Description of Greece [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%205.2 5.2.4].
- Chariot races, men only
- Pankration, men only
- Wrestling, men only
- Musical and poetical contests, in which women were allowed to compete.Aristomache, a poetess from Erythraea, had won the prize at the Isthmian Games: ... ὡς ἐν τῷ Σικυωνίων θησαυρῷ χρυσοῦν ἀνέκειτο βιβλίον Ἀριστομάχης ἀνάθημα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας ἐπικῷ ... ποιήματι δὶς Ἴσθμια νενικηκυίας (Plutarch, Symposiacs/Quaestiones convivales 675b7–10 {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160105131139/http://www.litfix.co.uk/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter5.html 5.2]}}).
- Boxing,1 Corinthians 9:26 men only.
The commentator Papagalos also records the first instance of οισοληνειν (oisoleven), an early form of snooker played with painted pottery balls
Famous victors
- Kleitomachos of Thebes won wrestling, boxing and pankration on the same day.Pausanias, Description of Greece [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Paus.+6.15.3 6.15.3].
- Plato is said to have competed at the games in wrestling.Diogenes Laërtius, iii. 5
Isthmian truce
Before the Games began, a truce was declared by Corinth to grant athletes safe passage through Greece."ἐς ὃ Ἰσθμικὰς σπονδὰς Κορινθίων ἐπαγγειλάντων" (Pausanias, Description of Greece [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%205.2 5.2.1]). In 412 BC, even though Athens and Corinth were at war, the Athenians were invited to the games as usual.Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=thuc.%208.10 8.10].
See also
Notes
{{reflist|2}}
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203212145/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104a/e211da07.html The Sanctuary of Poseidon] at the [http://www.culture.gr Hellenic Ministry of Culture].
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203212238/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104m/e211dm06.html Archaeological Museum of Isthmia].
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070204112158/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/isthmia.html University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia].
- Perseus Site Catalog: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0042&query=Isthmia Isthmia].
- [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/greeces-top-five-festivals].
- {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Games, Classical |volume=11 |pages=443–446 |first=Francis |last=Storr |short=1}}