Itō Hirobumi

File:Itō Hirobumi 1863.jpg

Hayashi Risuke ({{lang|ja|林利助}}) was born on 16 October 1841, in Tsukari, Kumage, Suō Province (present-day Hikari, Yamaguchi Prefecture), the eldest son of farmer Hayashi Jūzō and his wife Kotoko. After his father went bankrupt and left for Hagi, Yamaguchi in 1846, he went to live at his mother's parental home. In 1849, Jūzō invited the family to Hagi and the family reunited. There Risuke entered Kubo Gorō Saemon's school. Because the family was poor, when Risuke was 12, Jūzō was adopted by samurai servant Mizui Buhē. In 1854, Mizui Buhē was adopted by samurai foot soldier (ashigaru) Itō Yaemon from Aihata, Saba. Mizui Buhē was renamed Itō Naoemon, Jūzō took the name Itō Jūzō, and Hayashi Risuke was renamed Itō Shunsuke at first, then Itō Hirobumi. These adoptions allowed both Hirobumi and his father Jūzō to rise to the samurai class and become ashigaru.{{Cite book |last1=Itō |first1=Yukio |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466068077 |title=Itō Hirobumi : kindai Nihon o tsukutta otoko |last2=伊藤之雄 |date=2009 |publisher=Kōdansha |others=之雄 伊藤 |isbn=978-4-06-215909-8 |pages=22–25 |oclc=466068077}} Jūzō was the biological son of {{Nihongo|Hayashi Sukezaemon|林助左衛門}}, a 5th generation descendant of {{Nihongo|Hayashi Nobuyoshi|林信吉}} who was a member of the {{Nihongo|Hayashi clan of Owari|尾張林氏}}.

File:Choshu Five (1863).jpg, Nomura Yakichi, Itō Shunsuke, Yamao Yōzō, and Inoue Monta, photographed in 1863]]

He was a student of Yoshida Shōin at the Shōka Sonjuku and later joined the Sonnō jōi movement ("to revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians"), together with Katsura Kogorō. Active in the movement, he took part in an incendiary attack of the British legation on 31 January 1863 led by Takasugi Shinsaku, and in the company of Yamao Yōzō attacked and mortally wounded the head of the Wagakukōdansho institute on 2 February 1863, believing a false report that the institute was looking into ways of toppling the Emperor.

{{Cite book

| last = Takii

| first = Kazuhiro

| title = Itō Hirobumi - Japan's First Prime Minister and Father of the Meiji Constitution

| publisher = Routledge

| others = trans. Takeshi Manabu

| year = 2014

| isbn = 978-0415838863

}}

Itō was chosen as one of the Chōshū Five who studied at University College London in 1863, and the experience in Great Britain eventually convinced him Japan needed to adopt Western ways.

In 1864, Itō returned to Japan with fellow student Inoue Kaoru to attempt to warn Chōshū Domain against going to war with the foreign powers (the Bombardment of Shimonoseki) over the right of passage through the Straits of Shimonoseki. At that time, he met Ernest Satow for the first time, later a lifelong friend.

File:Iwakura mission.jpg]]

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Itō was appointed governor of Hyōgo Prefecture, junior councilor for Foreign Affairs, and sent to the United States in 1870 to study Western currency systems. Returning to Japan in 1871, he established Japan's taxation system. With the advice of Edmund Morel, a chief engineer of the railway department, Itō endeavored to found the Public Works together with Yamao Yozo. Later that year, he was sent on the Iwakura Mission around the world as vice-envoy extraordinary, during which he won the confidence of Ōkubo Toshimichi, one of the leaders of the Meiji government.{{cite web |title=Itō Hirobumi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ito-Hirobumi |publisher=Britannica |access-date=28 April 2021}}

In 1873, Itō was made a full councilor, Minister of Public Works, and in 1875 chairman of the first Assembly of Prefectural Governors. He participated in the Osaka Conference of 1875. After Ōkubo's assassination, he took over the post of Home Minister and secured a central position in the Meiji government. By 1881, he successfully pushed for the resignation of Ōkuma Shigenobu, thereby allowing him to emerge as the de facto leader of the Meiji government.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Perez |first=Louis G. |editor1-last= Perez |editor1-first= Louis G. |title=Itō Hirobumi |encyclopedia=Japan at War:An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHXG0JV9zEkC&dq=Ito+assumed+primary+leadership&pg=PA149 |isbn = 9781598847420 |access-date=11 September 2022 |page=149 |date = 8 January 2013}}{{cite encyclopedia |last=Grunden |first=Walter E. |editor1-last= Perez |editor1-first= Louis G. |title=Ōkuma Shigenobu |encyclopedia=Japan at War:An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vl7Auu2UVEsC&dq=Okuma+forced+out&pg=PA295 |isbn = 9781598847420 |access-date=16 April 2023 |page=295 |date = 8 January 2013 |quote=In 1878, Ōkuma was placed in charge of the bureau for land tax revision, where he attempted to enforce a series of unsuccessful programs geared toward financial retrenchment. Despite economic setbacks, his public popularity grew because he favored the immediate adoption of a British-style constitution and parliamentary government. Consequently, Ōkuma found himself the chief political rival and competitor of Itō Hirobumi, who championed the Prussian-style constitutional monarchy. In 1881, as the popular rights movement was gaining momentum, Ōkuma publicly advocated the immediate establishment of a national assembly. That stand placed him in direct opposition to Itō, and as a result, he was forced out of office in 1881.}}

Itō went to Europe in 1882 to study the constitutions of those countries, spending nearly 18 months away from Japan. While working on a constitution for Japan, he also wrote the first Imperial Household Law and established the Japanese peerage system (kazoku) in 1884.

In 1885, he negotiated the Convention of Tientsin with Li Hongzhang, normalizing Japan's diplomatic relations with Qing-dynasty China. In the same year, In 1885, Itō established a cabinet system of government based on European ideas, replacing the Daijō-kan as the nation's main policy-making organization.

File:Prime Minister Hirobumi Ito.jpg

On 22 December 1885, Itō became the first Prime Minister of Japan, as the head of First Itō Cabinet. The first Itō Cabinet endeavored to establish institutions preparatory to the promulgation of the Constitution, and in February 1886 established a system of government for each ministry, and in March, the Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo) was established, and in March of the following year, a national academic association was established and supported it. On the other hand, Inoue Kaoru was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and was given responsibility for amending the treaty, but the amendment proposed by Inoue included the appointment of foreign judges, leading to the problem of appointing private officials. foreign legislation, leading to In July 1887, a revision meeting aimed at foreign countries was cancelled, and Inoue Kaoru resigned in September, leading to defeat. In June of the same year, he began studying the draft constitution with Itō Miyoji, Inoue Tsuyoshi, Kaneko Kentaro and others in Tsushima.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

On 30 April 1888, Itō resigned as prime minister, but headed the new Privy Council to maintain power behind-the-scenes. In 1889, he also became the first genrō. The Meiji Constitution was promulgated in February 1889. He had added to it the references to the kokutai or "national polity" as the justification of the emperor's authority through his divine descent and the unbroken line of emperors, and the unique relationship between subject and sovereign.W. G. Beasley,The Rise of Modern Japan, pp. 79–80 {{ISBN|0-312-04077-6}} This stemmed from his rejection of some European notions as unfit for Japan, as they stemmed from European constitutional practice and Christianity.

He remained a powerful force while Kuroda Kiyotaka and Yamagata Aritomo, his political nemeses,{{According to whom|date=March 2021}} were prime ministers.

During Itō's second term as prime minister (8 August 1892 – 31 August 1896), he supported the First Sino-Japanese War and negotiated the Treaty of Shimonoseki in March 1895, made Taiwan a Japanese colony with his ailing foreign minister Mutsu Munemitsu. In the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of 1894, he succeeded in removing some of the onerous unequal treaty clauses that had plagued Japanese foreign relations since the start of the Meiji era.

During Itō's third term as prime minister (12 January – 30 June 1898), he was forced to contend with the rise of political parties. Both the Liberal Party and the Shimpotō opposed his proposed new land taxes, and in retaliation, Itō dissolved the lower house of the Imperial Diet and called for general election. As a result, both parties merged into the Kenseitō, won a majority of the seats, and forced Itō to resign. This lesson taught Itō the need for a pro-government political party, so he organized the Rikken Seiyūkai (Constitutional Association of Political Friendship) in 1900. Itō's womanizing was a popular theme in editorial cartoons and in parodies by contemporary comedians, and was used by his political enemies in their campaign against him.{{Citation needed|reason=This needs to be supported|date=September 2018}}

Itō returned to office as prime minister for a fourth term from 19 October 1900, to 10 May 1901, this time facing political opposition from the House of Peers. Weary of political back-stabbing, he resigned in 1901, but remained as head of the Privy Council as the premiership alternated between Saionji Kinmochi and Katsura Tarō.

File:Picture of Hirobumi Itō.jpg

Toward the end of August 1901, Itō announced his intention of visiting the United States to recuperate. This turned into a long journey in the course of which he visited the major cities of the United States and Europe. He set off from Yokohama on 18 September, traveled through the U.S. to New York City, and received an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) from Yale University in late October.{{Cite news |newspaper=The Times |title=United States |date=24 October 1901 |page=3 |issue=36594}} He then sailed to Boulogne, reaching Paris on 4 November. On 25 November, he reached Saint Petersburg, having been asked by the new prime minister, Katsura Tarō, to sound out the Russians, entirely unofficially, on their intentions in the Far East. Japan hoped to achieve what it called Man-Kan kōkan, the exchange of a free hand for Russia in Manchuria for a free hand for Japan in Korea, but Russia, feeling greatly superior to Japan and unwilling to give up the use of Korean ports for its navy, was in no mood to compromise. Foreign minister Vladimir Lamsdorf "thought that time was on the side of his country because of the [Trans-Siberian] railway and there was no need to make concessions to the Japanese".Ian Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War (Longman, 1985; {{ISBN|0582491142}}), p. 118. Itō left empty-handed for Berlin (where he received honors from Kaiser Wilhelm), Brussels, and London. Meanwhile, Katsura had decided that Man-Kan kōkan was no longer desirable for Japan, which should not renounce activity in Manchuria.{{Citation needed|reason=This needs to be supported|date=November 2019}} In Britain, Itō met with Lord Lansdowne, which helped lay the groundwork for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance announced early the following year. The failure of his mission to Russia was "one of the most important events in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War".Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 116.

While Prime Minister, Itō invited Professor George Trumbull Ladd of Yale University to serve as a diplomatic adviser to promote mutual understanding between Japan and the United States. Lectures delivered by Ladd in Japan revolutionized its educational methods; he was the first foreigner to receive the Third Class honor (conferred by the Emperor in 1899) and the Second Class honor (in 1907) in the Orders of the Rising Sun. He later wrote a book on his personal experiences in Korea and with Resident-General Itō.[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/02/22/105003345.pdf Topics of the Week: "George Trumbull Ladd"], The New York Times. 22 February 1908.[https://web.archive.org/web/20071128152839/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,761252,00.html "Business: Japanese Strip"], Time. 8 May 1939.[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/10/22/117932119.pdf "American Honored by the Japanese"], The New York Times. 22 October 1899. When Ladd died, half his ashes were buried in a Buddhist temple in Tokyo and a monument was erected to him.{{cite web | title = Great Head Temple Sôjiji | year = 2007 | url = http://www.terebess.hu/zen/sojiji/szodzsi.html | access-date=29 July 2009}}

File:Prince Ito and Crown Prince of Korea.jpg]]

On 9 November 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Itō arrived in Hanseong and gave a letter from the Emperor of Japan to Gojong, Emperor of Korea, asking him to sign the Japan–Korea Protectorate Treaty, which would make Korea a Japanese protectorate. On 15 November 1905, he ordered Japanese troops to encircle the Korean imperial palace.

On 17 November 1905, Itō and Japanese Field Marshal Hasegawa Yoshimichi entered the Jungmyeongjeon Hall, a Russian-designed building that was once part of Deoksu Palace, to persuade Gojong to approve the treaty, but the Emperor refused. Itō then pressured the Emperor's ministers with the implied, and later stated, threat of bodily harm, to sign the treaty.{{Cite book |last=McKenzie |first=F.A. |title=Korea's Fight for Freedom |publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company |year=1920 |author-link=Frederick Arthur MacKenzie}} Five ministers signed an agreement that had been prepared by Itō in the Jungmyeongjeon. The agreement gave Imperial Japan complete responsibility for Korea's foreign affairs,United States. Dept. of State. (1919). {{Google books|35QpAAAAYAAJ|Catalogue of treaties: 1814–1918|page=273}} and placed all trade through Korean ports under Imperial Japanese supervision.

After the treaty had been signed, Itō became the first Resident-General of Korea on 21 December 1905. In 1907, he urged Emperor Gojong to abdicate in favor of his son Sunjong and secured the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907, thereby giving Japan authority to dictate Korea's internal affairs.

While Itō was firmly against Korea falling into China or Russia's sphere of influence, he also opposed its annexation, advocating instead that the territory should be treated as a protectorate. When the cabinet voted in favor of annexing Korea, he proposed that the process be delayed in the hopes that the decision could eventually be reversed.{{cite book|title=Hirobumi Itō and Korean Annexation (Itō hirobumi to kankoku heigou)|first=Fukuju|last=Umino|publisher=Aoki Shoten|year=2004|isbn= 978-4-250-20414-2|language=ja}} However, Itō ultimately changed his mind and approved plans to have the region annexed on 10 April 1909. Despite changing his position, he was forced to resign on 14 June 1909 by the Imperial Japanese Army (one of the foremost advocates for Korea's annexation).{{cite book|title=伊藤博文の韓国併合構想と朝鮮社会|first=Hiroyuki|last=Ogawara|publisher=岩波書店|year=2010|isbn=978-4000221795|language=ja}} His assassination is believed to have accelerated the path to the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty.{{cite book|title=Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912|first=Donald|last=Keene|author-link=Donald Keene|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/emperorofjapanme00keen/page/662 662–667]|isbn=0-231-12340-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/emperorofjapanme00keen/page/662}}

File:Ito_before_death.jpg

Itō arrived at the Harbin railway station on 26 October 1909 for a meeting with Vladimir Kokovtsov, a Russian representative in Manchuria. There An Jung-geun, a Korean nationalist and independence activist,{{cite web|url=http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/hero |title=What Defines a Hero? |publisher=Japan Society |access-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004183049/http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/hero |archive-date=4 October 2007}}{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=40942&docId=1122561&categoryId=33384|title=안중근|website=terms.naver.com}} fired six shots, three of which hit Itō in the chest. He died shortly thereafter. His body was returned to Japan on the Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Akitsushima||2}}, and he was accorded a state funeral on 4 November 1909 at Hibiya Park.{{cite book|last=Nakamura|first=Kaju|title=Prince Ito – The Man and Statesman – A Brief History of His Life|publisher=Lulu Press (reprint)|orig-year=1910|year=2010|isbn=978-1445571423}} An Jung-geun later listed "15 reasons why Itō should be killed" at his trial.{{cite news |author= |title=The Harbin Tragedy |url= http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19091202-1.2.20?ST=1&AT=search&k=The%20Straits%20Times,%202%20December%201909|work= The Straits Times|date= 2 December 1909|access-date= 3 July 2017}}{{cite news |date= 24 August 2009|title= Why Did Ahn Jung-geun Kill Hirobumi Ito?|url= https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/192_50617.html|work=The Korea Times}} On 14 February 1910, Ahn was sentenced to death by hanging, Woo DeukSun to two years in prison, and Jo DoSeon and You Dongha to one year and six months in prison for murder and crimes against the Imperial Japanese Government.

{{Unbalanced|section|date=March 2015}}

File:Series C 1K Yen Bank of Japan note - front.jpg

• A portrait of Itō Hirobumi was on the obverse of the Series C 1,000 yen note from 1963 until a new series was issued in 1984.
• The publishing company Hakubunkan takes its name from Hakubun, an alternate pronunciation of Itō's given name.

file:Former residence of Ito Hirobumi 2.jpg

The house where Itō lived from age 14 in Hagi after his father was adopted by Itō Naoemon still exists, and is preserved as a museum. It is a one-story house with a thatched roof and a gabled roof, with a total floor area of 29 tsubo and is located 150 meters south of the Shōkasonjuku Academy. The adjacent villa is a portion of a house built by Itō in 1907 in Oimura, Shimoebara-gun, Tokyo (currently Shinagawa, Tokyo). It was a large Western-style mansion, of which three structures, a part of the entrance, a large hall, and a detached room, were transported Hagi. The large hall has a mirrored ceiling and its wooden paneling uses 1000-year old cedar trees from Yoshino.{{cite book |last1=Isomura |first1=Yukio |last2=Sakai |first2=Hideya |title=(国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=学生社 |isbn=978-4311750403}}{{in lang|ja}} The buildings were collectively designated a National Historic Site in 1932.{{cite web |url=https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/217439|title=伊藤博文旧宅|language=ja |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |accessdate=August 20, 2021}}

The Annals of Sunjong record that Gojong held a positive view of Itō's governorship. In an entry for 28 October 1909, almost three years after being forced to abdicate his throne, the former emperor praised Itō, who had died two days earlier, for his efforts to develop Japanese civilization in Korea. However, the integrity of Joseon {{transliteration|ja|silloks}} dated after the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 is considered dubious by Korean scholars due to the influence exerted over record-keeping by the Japanese.

Itō has been portrayed several times in Korean cinema. His assassination was the subject of North Korea's An Jung-gun Shoots Itō Hirobumi in 1979 and South Korea's Thomas Ahn Joong Keun in 2004; both films made his assassin An Jung-geun the protagonist. The 1973 South Korean film Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja is a biopic of Itō's alleged adopted Korean daughter Bae Jeong-ja (1870–1952).

Itō argued the Pan-Asian view that if East Asians did not co-operate closely with one another, Japan, Korea and China would all fall victim to Western imperialism. Initially, Gojong and the Joseon government shared that belief and agreed to collaborate with the Japanese military. Korean intellectuals had predicted that the victor of the Russo-Japanese War would assume hegemony over their peninsula, and as an Asian power, Japan enjoyed greater public support in Korea than Russia. However, policies such as land confiscation and the drafting of forced labor turned Korean popular opinion against the Japanese, a trend exacerbated by the arrest or execution of those who resisted.{{cite news|url=http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200105/nd2001050030.html|script-title=ko:긴급대특집, 일본 역사교과서 왜곡파문|newspaper=New DongA|author=Lee Jeong-sik (이정식)|date=May 2001|access-date=1 May 2012|language=ko|trans-title=Special report on Japan's history textbook issue.|quote=... initially many Koreans supported Japanese against Russians, and helped Japanese military. ... Many intellectuals had predicted that whoever wins the Russo-Japanese War, Joseon would be controlled by a victor. Still, they had hoped for the Asian power's victory. .... On 14 April 1904, Japan demanded unrestricted fishing rights all across Korean peninsular. On 28 June, Japan asked for the right to use every unclaimed land in Korea. Many Japanese gangsters had beaten Korean citizens in numerous occasions. ... —1904, U.S. diplomatic cable by Horace Allen, then U.S. representative in Korea. [...러·일전쟁 때 많은 조선인이 일본측에 동조했고, 일본군을 도왔다... 많은 지식인이 전쟁이 끝난 후에 조선은 승자에게 굴(屈)하고 주권을 상실할 것이라 예측했음에도, 러시아보다는 ‘동족(同族)’인 일본이 승리하기를 바랐다. ... (1) 1904년 4월14일. 일본은 조선반도 전역에서 거의 무제한적인 어업권을 요구했다. (2) 6월28일. 그들은 지금 조선 내 모든 황무지를 점거하고 사용할 수 있는 권리를 요구했다. (3) 많은 수의 일본인 불량배 노동자들이 조선 사람들을 괴롭히고 있다. ...1904 년 주한미국공사 호레스 앨런의 보고서]}} An Jung-geun was also a proponent of what was later called Pan-Asianism. He believed in a union of the three East Asian nations to repel Western imperialism and restore peace in the region.

On 26 October 1932, the Japanese unveiled in Seoul the Hakubun-ji 博文寺 Buddhist Temple dedicated to Prince Itō. Full official name "Prince Itō Memorial Temple (伊藤公爵祈念寺院)". Situated in then Susumu Tadashidan Park on the north slope of Namsan, which after liberation became Jangchungdan Park 장충단 공원. From October 1945, the main hall served as student home, ca. 1960 replaced by a guest house of the Park Chung-Hee administration, then reconstructed and again a student guest house. In 1979 it was incorporated into the grounds of the Shilla Hotel then opened. Several other parts of the temple are still at the site.

• Hayashi family

　∴Hayashi Awajinokami
Michioki
　┃
　┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┓
　┃　　　　┃　　　　┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃　　　　　┃　　　　　┃　　　　┃　　　　　┃
Michimoto　Michiyo　Michisige　　　　　Michiyoshi　Michisada　Michikata　Michinaga　Michisue
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　　　　　　┃Hayasi Magosaburō
　　　　　　　　　　Nobukatsu
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　　　　　　┃Hayasi Magoemon
　　　　　　　　　　Nobuyoshi
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
　┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃　　　　　┃　　　　┃
Nobuaki　　　　　　Sakuzaemon　Sojyurō　 Matazaemon
　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┃Hayasi Hanroku　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
Nobuhisa　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Genzō
　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┣━━━━━━━━━┓　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┃　　　　　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
Sōzaemon　　Heijihyōe　　　　　　　　　　Yoichiemon
　　　　　　　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┏━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━┓　　　　　　┏━━━━━┫
　┃Hayasi Hanroku　┃　　　　　　┃　　　┃
Rihachirō　　　　　Riemon　　　　Masuzō　Sukezaemon
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃adopted son of Hayasi Rihachirō
　　　　　　┏━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
　　　　　　┃Itō ┃Hayasi Shinbei's wife ┃Morita Naoyoshi's wife
　　　　　Jyuzō　woman　　　　　　　　　　woman
　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　┃'''Itō
　　　　　Hirobumi'''
　　　　　　┃
　┏━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┓
　┃Itō 　　┃Kida　　┃Itō 　　┃　　　┃
Hirokuni　Humiyoshi　Shinichi　woman　woman
　┃
　┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┓
　┃Itō 　　┃Shimizu ┃Itō　　　　 ┃Itō　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　　 ┃　　　┃　　┃
Hirotada　 Hiroharu　Hiromichi　 Hiroya　Hirotada　Hiroomi　Hironori　Hirotsune　Hirotaka　Hirohide　woman　woman　woman
　┃
　┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┓
　┃Itō　　 ┃　　　┃　　┃　　　┃　　┃
Hiromasa　 woman　woman　woman　woman　woman
　┃
　┣━━━━━━━┓
　┃Itō　　 ┃
Tomoaki　　woman

• Itō family

　∴
Itō Yaemon
　┃
Itō Naoemon (Mizui Buhei)Yaemon's adopted son
　┃
Itō Jyuzō (Hayashi Jyuzo)Naoemon's adopted son
　┃
Itō Hirobumi (Hayashi Risuke)

From the Japanese Wikipedia article

• Count (7 July 1884)
• Marquess (5 August 1895)
• Prince (21 September 1907)

• File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2 November 1877)
• 50px Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (11 February 1889)
• 50px Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (5 August 1895)
• 50px Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906)

• Fifth rank, junior grade (1868)
• Fifth rank (1869)
• Fourth rank (1870)
• Senior fourth rank (18 February 1874)
• Third rank (27 December 1884)
• Second rank (19 October 1886)
• Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
• Junior First Rank (26 October 1909; posthumous)

• {{flag|German Empire}}:
• Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Crown (29 December 1884){{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=9&skin=2021|volume=1|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=571&skin=2021 561]|language=German|chapter=Königlicher Kronen-Orden|location=Berlin|year=1886|via=hathitrust.org}}
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle (22 December 1886); in Brilliants (December 1901){{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest intelligence – Germany |date=16 December 1901 |page=6 |issue=36639}}{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Samuel |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ifCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA322 |title=Distributing Status: The Evolution of State Honours in Western Europe |date=2016 |publisher=McGill-Queens University Press |isbn=9780773598577 |location=Canada |pages=322 |chapter=Status Consequences of State Honours |doi=10.1515/9780773598560 |doi-broken-date=2 December 2024 |jstor=j.ctt1c99bzh |oclc=947837811 |access-date=14 May 2024}}
• {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon (29 September 1882)
• {{flag|Russian Empire}}:
• Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (17 September 1883)
• Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (19 March 1896); in Brilliants (28 November 1901){{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest intelligence – Russia and Japan |date=30 November 1901 |page=7 |issue=36626}}
• {{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} {{flagicon|Norway|1844}} Sweden-Norway: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa (25 May 1885)
• {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}: Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Iron Crown (27 September 1885)
• {{Flagicon image|Flag of Siam (1855).svg}} Siam: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Siam (24 January 1888)
• {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (26 October 1896)
• {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the Royal Order of Leopold (4 October 1897)
• {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (29 April 1898)
• {{flag|Qing dynasty}}: Order of the Double Dragon, Class I Grade III (5 December 1898){{Cite web|url=https://www.digital.archives.go.jp/das/image/M0000000000000788098|title=枢密院文書・枢密院高等官転免履歴書 明治ノ二|first=独立行政法人国立公文書館 | NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF|last=JAPAN|website=国立公文書館 デジタルアーカイブ}}
• {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: Honorary Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (civil division) (14 January 1902){{London Gazette | issue=27397 | date=14 January 1902 |page=295}}
• {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}: Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (16 January 1902){{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court circular |date=17 January 1902 |page=8 |issue=36667}}
• {{flag|Korean Empire}}: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Ruler (18 April 1904)

{{Portal|Japan|History|Politics|Biography}}

• Japanese students in Britain

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{{Reflist|33em}}

• Nish, Ian (1998). The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library. {{ISBN|9781873410844}}. {{Oclc|40410662}}.

• Edward, I. "Japan's Decision to Annex Taiwan: A Study of Itō-Mutsu Diplomacy, 1894–95". Journal of Asian Studies 37#1 (1977): 61–72.
• Hamada Kengi (1936). Prince Ito. Tokyo: Sanseido Co.
• Johnston, John T.M. (1917). World Patriots. New York: World Patriots Co.
• Kusunoki Sei'ichirō (1991). Nihon shi omoshiro suiri: Nazo no satsujin jiken wo oe. Tokyo: Futami bunko.
• Ladd, George T. (1908). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DB4PAAAAYAAJ In Korea with Marquis Ito]
• Nakamura Kaju (1910). [https://archive.org/details/princeitomanand00nakagoog Prince Ito: The Man and the Statesman: A Brief History of His Life.] New York: Japanese-American commercial weekly and Anraku Pub. Co.
• Palmer, Frederick (1901). "Marquis Ito: The Great Man of Japan". Scribner’s Magazine 30(5), 613–621.

{{Commons category|Itō Hirobumi}}

• {{Internet Archive author |sname=Itō Hirobumi}}
• [http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org About Japan: A Teacher's Resource] Ideas about how to teach about Ito Hirobumi in a K–12 classroom
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ito, Hirobumi, Prince |short=x}}
• {{PM20|FID=pe/008583}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of Japan|years=1885–1888}}

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{{s-ttl|title=President of the Privy Council|years=1891–1892}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of Japan|years=1892–1896}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of Japan|years=1898}}

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{{s-ttl|title=President of the Privy Council|years=1903–1905}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Resident General of Korea|years=1905–1909}}

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{{s-ttl|title=President of the Privy Council|years=1909}}

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{{Prime Ministers of Japan}}

{{Japanese foreign ministers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Itō, Hirobumi}}

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