Italian Hall

{{Infobox building

|name= Italian Hall

|status=

|image= Italian Hall Disaster in Pictures - Italian Hall (crop).jpg

|image_alt= Two-story building with several people standing in front and flag on roof at half-mast

|caption= Italian Hall on December 25, 1913

|map_type=

|map_alt=

|map_caption=

|altitude=

|building_type=

|architectural_style= Romanesque Revival

|structural_system=

|cost= $25,000

|location= Calumet, Michigan

|coordinates= {{Coord|47.2484|-88.4554|type:landmark_region:US-MI|display=inline,title}}

|start_date= {{Start date|1908}}

|inauguration_date= Columbus Day, 1908

|demolition_date= {{End date|1984|10}}

|height=

|floor_count= 2

|architect= Paul Humphrey Macneil

|main_contractor= P. J. Donahue

|client= {{lang|it|Società Mutua Beneficenza Italiana}}

|embedded=

{{Infobox NRHP

|embed= yes

|name=

|nrhp_type=

|nrhp_type2=

|nrhp_type3=

|nrhp_type4=

|designated_other1= Michigan State Historic Site

|designated_other1_name=

|partof=

|partof_refnum=

|location= 7th and Elm Sts.

|added= July 23, 1980{{cite journal |title= Annual Listing of Historic Properties |journal= Federal Register |date= February 3, 1981 |volume= 46 |issue= 22 |url= https://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/Weekly_List_FR-%20Feb-3-1981-listingyear1980.pdf |access-date= October 4, 2012 |page= 10639 |publisher= National Park Service }}

|delisted= April 18, 1988{{cite journal |title= Weekly Register List 1988 |year= 1988 |url= https://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/Weekly_Register_List_1988.pdf |access-date= October 4, 2012 |at= April 24, 1988 – April 30, 1988 |publisher= National Park Service}}

|designated_other1_date= June 6, 1977

|refnum= 80001858{{NRISref|version=2010a|dateform=mdy|accessdate= October 4, 2012}}

}}

Italian Hall was a two-story commercial and recreational building in Calumet, Michigan, built in 1908 and demolished in 1984. Two prior buildings known popularly as "Italian Hall" had stood on the site. The first floor housed commercial space with a large hall on the second floor. The building served as headquarters for the {{lang|it|Società Mutua Beneficenza Italiana}} (Italian Mutual Benefit Society) and hosted community events. The hall is notorious as the site of a disaster in 1913 in which over 70 people died after a false cry of "fire" at a Christmas party. Since demolition, the site has served as a memorial park. The property is a Michigan State Historic Site and the building was formerly on the National Register of Historic Places.

Architecture and use

Italian Hall was designed in the Romanesque Revival style. It was located in the 400 block of Seventh Street between Elm and Pine Streets in Calumet. It was situated on lot 9, block 31 of the original plat, measuring {{convert|58|by|118|ft|m}} like all others in block 31.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=2}} The two-story building faced east and was rectangular, about {{convert|58|by|100|ft|m}}. The walls were constructed of brick and rubble masonry.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=6}} The façade was divided into seven bays,{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=6}} each with an arched window on the second floor.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=7}} On the main wall was a cast metal cornice, bearing the words {{lang|it|Societa Mutua Beneficenza Italiana}}, supported at either end by pilasters topped with Doric capitals.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=7}}{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=1}} There were three chimneys, two along the north wall and one about midway on the south.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=7}} The roof, supported by I-beams spanning the width of the building,{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=6}} sloped from the front and rear to a low point about a third of the way from the rear.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=7}} The first and second floors both had tin ceilings.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=8}}

File:Italian Hall doorway - 1913.jpg

When built, the first floor consisted of two shop spaces with stock rooms and living spaces at the rear. The store fronts each had a centered, recessed entrance flanked by windows. Each shop had access to separate halves of the basement. On April 5, 1913, the northern space was let to The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company and remained in that use through at least the end of the year.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=5}} At the time of the 1913 disaster, the southern space was occupied by a saloon owned by Dominic Vairo; the original tenants are unknown.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=5}}{{sfn|Lehto|2006|p=89}} At the south end of the building's front was a doorway, framed by brick pilasters, with capitals and imposts supporting an arched overdoor all made of Jacobsville Sandstone.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=7}} This doorway opened to a foyer with access to the saloon on its right.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=223}} Straight ahead was a set of double doors separating it from a {{convert|5.75|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide staircase}} that led up to an {{convert|8|by|10|ft|m|adj=mid}} vestibule that opened to the hall on the second floor {{convert|38|ft|m}} from the front of the building.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=223}}{{cite report |author= United States House Committee on Mines and Mining |author-link= United States House Committee on Mines and Mining |date= March 5–7, 1914 |title= Conditions in the Copper Mines of Michigan: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Mines and Mining |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCwwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2098 |publisher=Government Printing Office |page= 2098}}

The hall measured {{convert|78|by|38|ft|m}}. At the rear was a {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} stage, beneath which was a kitchen and to one side was a barroom. Along the southern wall was a viewing gallery overlooking the hall.{{cite web |last= Eshbach |first= Charles |title= Buildings: Italian Hall |id= Image #MTU Neg 02543 |url= https://cchi.mtu.edu/copper-country-image-detail?duid=c03a7a57-7306-4ea6-b597-98d5ade685fc&width=1242&height=732&nid=17055 |work= Keweenaw Digital Archives |publisher= Michigan Technological University |access-date= July 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231210109/https://cchi.mtu.edu/copper-country-image-detail?duid=c03a7a57-7306-4ea6-b597-98d5ade685fc&width=1242&height=732&nid=17055 |archive-date=December 31, 2017 |url-status=live}} The hall also had two fire escapes.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=223}} The hall was used for the society's activities and was rented out to the community;{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=5}} six or seven organizations met regularly in Italian Hall circa 1914.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=233}}

The two storefronts were eliminated, most likely in either 1961 or 1966, and replaced by a single entrance at the center of the first floor.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=5}} In the approximate center of each former storefront were irregular octagonal windows. By 1975, the cornice had been removed and the southernmost arched window boarded up. In addition, a passage had been opened between the two halves of the basement and the first floor had been remodeled several times.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=7}}

History

=Construction=

File:Paul Humphrey Macneil.jpg

The benevolent society {{lang|it|Società Mutua Beneficenza Italiana}} organized in 1875 and was incorporated under state law in 1889.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|pp=222–223}}{{sfn|Thurner|1994|p=149}} The organization's hall was nearly completed when it collapsed in 1890 in heavy winds. In 1891, it was rebuilt as a large wooden building with two storefronts on the first floor and a hall on the second. This building burned down on January 1, 1908, without causing any injuries or fatalities.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|pp=222–223}} All these prior buildings on the site have been popularly known as "Italian Hall".{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=1}}

The most recent Italian Hall was constructed in 1908 at a cost of $25,000 to serve as the society's headquarters.{{cite web |author= Staff |url=http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/6015.htm |title= Italian Hall Disaster Informational Site |work= Historic Sites Online |publisher= Michigan State Housing Development Authority |access-date=June 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061356/http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/6015.htm|archive-date=September 21, 2013|url-status=dead}}{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=5}} It was designed by architect Paul Humphrey Macneil and built by P. J. Donahue as general contractor.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=5}} The building was dedicated on Columbus Day, 1908. The dedication speech was written by James MacNaughton, the general manager of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, but, due to a family death, he could not attend and it was read by someone else.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=232}}

=Disaster=

File:Italian Hall disaster funeral procession - 1913.jpg

In July 1913, a strike was called by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) in the Copper Country.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=5}} On December 24, 1913, a Christmas party for the children of strikers was arranged by Anna Clemenc and the Women's Auxiliary of the WFM and held at Italian Hall.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=220}} About 500 children and 175 parents were in attendance in the second-floor hall. In late afternoon, the children were lined up to receive presents when the cry of "fire" was heard.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=220}} Even though there was no fire,{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=1}} they rushed down the staircase in an attempt to escape and those at the bottom suffocated under the crush of people.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=6}} The precise number of dead has never been fully determined, but more than seventy died, mostly children.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=6}}{{#tag:ref|The 1975 HABS report gives a best estimate of 74, with tolls of 71 to over 80 having been suggested.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=6}} The 2005 book False Alarm by Peggy Germain reproduced 73 death certificates.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}} The New York Times reported on December 25, 1913, that a quick count indicated 74 bodies had been pulled from the stairway with the possibility of unaccounted fatalities;{{cite news |title= Xmas-Tree Panic Costs 80 Lives |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/12/25/100670184.pdf |access-date= July 12, 2012 |newspaper= The New York Times |date=December 25, 1913}} the next day, however, the newspaper reported that the official death toll was 72.{{cite news |title= Wants U.S. Inquiry in Calumet Horror |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/12/26/100293271.pdf |access-date= August 3, 2012 |newspaper= The New York Times |date= December 26, 1913}}|group=lower-alpha}} The disaster was reported in such newspapers as The New York Times, the Boston Daily Globe,{{cite news |title= Threescore Children Dead in Fire Panic |url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/710681142.html?dids=710681142:710681142&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Dec+25%2C+1913&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe&desc=THREESCORE+CHILDREN+DEAD+IN+FIRE+PANIC&pqatl=google |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130419061254/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/710681142.html?dids=710681142:710681142&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Dec+25,+1913&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe&desc=THREESCORE+CHILDREN+DEAD+IN+FIRE+PANIC&pqatl=google |url-status= dead |archive-date= April 19, 2013 |access-date= August 3, 2012 |newspaper= Boston Daily Globe |date=December 25, 1913 |page= 1}} {{subscription required}} The Atlanta Constitution,{{cite news |title= 80 Children Victims of False Alarm of Fire |url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/ajc_historic/access/554279402.html?dids=554279402:554279402&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Dec+25%2C+1913&author=&pub=The+Atlanta+Constitution&desc=80+CHILDREN+VICTIMS+OF+FALSE+ALARM+OF+FIRE&pqatl=google |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130131164231/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/ajc_historic/access/554279402.html?dids=554279402:554279402&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Dec+25,+1913&author=&pub=The+Atlanta+Constitution&desc=80+CHILDREN+VICTIMS+OF+FALSE+ALARM+OF+FIRE&pqatl=google |url-status= dead |archive-date= January 31, 2013 |access-date= August 3, 2012 |newspaper= The Atlanta Constitution |date= December 25, 1913 |page= 1}} {{subscription required}} The Evening Independent of St. Petersburg, Florida,{{cite news |title= 83 Names Finally Placed on List of Those Dead |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w7ZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6FMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6490%2C3992525 |access-date= August 3, 2012 |newspaper= The Evening Independent |location= St. Petersburg, FL |page= 1 |date=December 25, 1913}} and The Toronto World.{{cite news |title= Eighty Lives Were Crushed out in Panic Caused by Cry of "Fire" at Festival in Calumet, Mich. |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DD9MAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TyoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5516%2C6495094 |access-date= August 3, 2012 |newspaper= The Toronto World |date= December 25, 1913 |agency=The Canadian Press |page= 1}}

No culprit was identified,{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=6}} despite a coroner's inquest held a few days afterward{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=220}} and a congressional investigation in 1914. It is a common misconception that the disaster was caused by inward-opening doors; they in fact opened outward.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=223}} The idea that the doors opened inward, introduced in the 1950s by Harry Benedict,{{Who|date=November 2021}} was pervasive enough to be included on the Michigan State Historic Site marker.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=222}} Woody Guthrie later wrote a song about the disaster titled "1913 Massacre".{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=6}}

=1914 to present=

After the 1913 disaster, Italian Hall remained in use for about 50 years. In 1975, historian Kevin Harrington compiled a report on Italian Hall as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey, in which the building was recorded as vacant.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=1}} The building was designated a Michigan State Historic Site on June 6, 1977, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1980. In 1980, the building received threats of condemnation from the village for its unsafe condition and its owner, Helen Smith, was incapable of maintaining it. The Friends of the Italian Hall organized to preserve the building; however, they conceded it was not possible when the cost to do so was estimated at $500,000.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}} Italian Hall was demolished in October 1984.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}}{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=95}} The Friends group proposed that a memorial be made incorporating the doorway, and it was set aside from demolition.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}} On October 1, 1987, a Michigan State Historic Site informational marker was erected on the site. Italian Hall was removed from the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1988.

The 75th anniversary of the disaster, in 1988, spurred action regarding the site.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}} In 1989, the site of the former building was made into a memorial park{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=229}} and the doorway was re-erected on the property.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}} Volunteer labor to create the park was provided by local union members.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}} In 2004, the doorway underwent repairs which included the installation of a copper cap on the arch.{{cite news |last=Hauglie |first=Kurt |title=Council hears concerns about Italian Hall Park |url=http://mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/506282/Council-hears-concerns-about-Italian-Hall-Park.html |access-date=July 16, 2012 |newspaper=The Daily Mining Gazette |location=Houghton, MI |date=August 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030657/http://mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/506282/Council-hears-concerns-about-Italian-Hall-Park.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{As of|2011}}, the park is owned by the village of Calumet and maintained by the Keweenaw National Historical Park (KNHP).{{cite news |last=Hauglie |first=Kurt |title=Remembering the Italian Hall tragedy |url=http://mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/512278.html |access-date=June 27, 2012 |newspaper=The Daily Mining Gazette |location=Houghton, MI |date=October 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525124940/http://www.mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/512278.html |archive-date=May 25, 2012 |url-status=dead }}

File:Italian Hall step - KNHP visitor center.jpg

{{As of|2010}}, the park consisted primarily of the doorway arch and a few historic markers set in the middle of the lot. The doorway is adorned with brass plaques contributed by those who donated to the effort to create the memorial. The Michigan State Historic Site marker details the 1913 disaster on one side and the building's history on the other. There was a stone marker bearing a photograph of Italian Hall.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}} In the rear, a Michigan Women's Hall of Fame marker about Anna Clemenc once stood, but it was removed at some point.{{cite news|last=Hauglie|first=Kurt|title=Big Annie focus of new Copperotwn exhibit|newspaper=The Daily Mining Gazette|date=June 25, 2013|url=http://www.mininggazette.com/news/local-news/2013/06/big-annie-focus-of-new-copperotwn-exhibit/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180626144052/http://www.mininggazette.com/news/local-news/2013/06/big-annie-focus-of-new-copperotwn-exhibit/|archive-date=June 26, 2018|access-date=June 26, 2018|url-status=live}} There are also brick paths, concrete benches, shrubbery, and a flagpole on the site.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}} There have been plans for further interpretative exhibits on the site{{cite news |last=Hauglie |first=Kurt |title=KNHP eyes Italian Hall site, history |url=http://mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/501937/KNHP-eyes-Italian-Hall-site--history.html |access-date=July 16, 2012 |newspaper=The Daily Mining Gazette |location=Houghton, MI |date=September 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011250/http://mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/501937/KNHP-eyes-Italian-Hall-site--history.html |archive-date=May 13, 2014 |url-status=dead }} up to the addition of a museum and theater, though plans for the latter have not panned out.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}} In late 2012, Michigan Technological University students began surveying the site for archaeological remains with the intent to improve landscaping and site interpretation.{{cite news |last= Mays |first= Gabrielle |title= Improvements are coming to Italian Hall Site |url= http://www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=815923#.ULKufeTO2a8 |access-date= November 25, 2012 |publisher= WLUC-TV |location= Negaunee, MI |date= October 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231629/http://www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=815923 |archive-date=May 12, 2014 |url-status=dead}}

{{As of|2010}}, the exterior doors from the base of the stairway are on display at the Coppertown USA Museum in Calumet.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=280}} {{As of|2012}}, one of the stairway's steps is displayed in the visitor center of the KNHP in Calumet.{{cite web |title= Return To the Union Building |page= 1 |url= http://www.coppercountryexplorer.com/2011/11/return-to-the-union-building-p1/ |work= Copper Country Explorer |access-date= July 11, 2012 |date= November 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019102919/http://www.coppercountryexplorer.com/2011/11/return-to-the-union-building-p1/ |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |url-status=live}} Because of arguments presented in Steve Lehto's Death's Door, the MSHS marker was modified in June 2013 to omit any mention of the doors or the direction they opened; it previously claimed that the doors opened inward.{{cite news|last=Blakely|first=Sarah|title=New information about Italian Hall doors leads to site marker revision|url=http://www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=933916|access-date=October 18, 2013|newspaper=Upper Michigan's Source|date=August 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018020034/http://www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=933916|archive-date=October 18, 2013|url-status=dead}}

In 2017, work began to add a monument at the site listing the names of the people who died in the 1913 disaster.{{cite news|last1=Jaehnig|first1=Graham|title=Italian Hall Park to receive a stone monument|url=http://www.mininggazette.com/news/local-news/2017/03/italian-hall-park-to-receive-a-stone-monument/|access-date=January 11, 2018|work=The Daily Mining Gazette|date=March 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135710/http://www.mininggazette.com/news/local-news/2017/03/italian-hall-park-to-receive-a-stone-monument/|archive-date=March 29, 2017|url-status=live}} Black granite was selected for the {{convert|8.5|by|4.5|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} monument because of its durability compared to other colors of granite or a memorial made of glass.{{cite news|last1=Jaehnig|first1=Graham|title=Hard Stone for Hard History: Black granite picked for Italian Hall memorial monument|url=http://www.mininggazette.com/news/2017/03/hard-stone-for-hard-history-black-granite-picked-for-italian-hall-memorial-monument/|access-date=January 11, 2018|work=The Daily Mining Gazette|date=March 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323195741/http://www.mininggazette.com/news/2017/03/hard-stone-for-hard-history-black-granite-picked-for-italian-hall-memorial-monument/|archive-date=March 23, 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Fundraising For Italian Hall Victims' Memorial Continues|url=http://www.keweenawreport.com/news/local-news/fundraising-italian-hall-victims-memorial-continues/|access-date=January 12, 2018|work=Keweenaw Report|date=June 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112022827/http://www.keweenawreport.com/news/local-news/fundraising-italian-hall-victims-memorial-continues/|archive-date=January 12, 2018|url-status=live}} The monument would be located where the MSHS marker stood, so the marker was moved to a spot closer to the street.{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Julie|title=Plans to build granite monument at Italian Hall site|url=http://www.uppermichiganssource.com/content/news/Plans-to-build-granite-monument-at-Italian-Hall-site-466006393.html|access-date=January 12, 2018|work=TV6 Upper Michigan's Source|date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223083920/http://www.uppermichiganssource.com/content/news/Plans-to-build-granite-monument-at-Italian-Hall-site-466006393.html|archive-date=December 23, 2017|url-status=live}} Installation of the monument was originally planned for November 2017,{{cite news|last1=Jaehnig|first1=Graham|title=Monument to Italian Hall victims moving forward|url=http://www.mininggazette.com/news/2017/10/monument-to-italian-hall-victims-moving-forward/|access-date=January 11, 2018|work=The Daily Mining Gazette|date=October 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111183858/http://www.mininggazette.com/news/2017/10/monument-to-italian-hall-victims-moving-forward/|archive-date=January 11, 2018|url-status=live}} but brown-colored defects were found in the stone and it was rejected. A new stone was ordered, with installation expected in May 2018.{{cite news|last1=Snitz|first1=Lee|title=Installation of Italian Hall monument delayed until spring|url=https://abc10up.com/2017/12/05/8343431/|access-date=January 12, 2018|work=ABC 10 UP|date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112021441/https://abc10up.com/2017/12/05/8343431/|archive-date=January 12, 2018|url-status=live}} The memorial was in place by August 2018{{cite news |title=Site improvements made at Italian Hall property |url=https://www.uppermichiganssource.com/content/news/Site-improvements-made-at-Italian-Hall-property-492116531.html |access-date=October 31, 2020 |work=WLUC TV6 |date=August 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831003209/https://www.uppermichiganssource.com/content/news/Site-improvements-made-at-Italian-Hall-property-492116531.html |archive-date=August 31, 2018}} with a dedication ceremony on December 24, 2018 - the 105th anniversary of the disaster.{{cite news |last1=Jaehnig |first1=Graham |title=Italian Hall granite monument to be dedicated Monday |url=https://www.mininggazette.com/news/2018/12/italian-hall-granite-monument-to-be-dedicated-monday/ |access-date=October 31, 2020 |work=The Daily Mining Gazette |date=December 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610092401/https://www.mininggazette.com/news/2018/12/italian-hall-granite-monument-to-be-dedicated-monday/ |archive-date=June 10, 2019}} The stone was sourced from India and lists the names and ages of the 73 who died.{{cite news |last1=Powell |first1=Mariah |title=Italian Hall Disaster victims remembered on Christmas Eve |url=https://www.uppermichiganssource.com/content/news/Italian-Hall-Disaster-victims-remembered-on-Christmas-Eve-503449791.html |access-date=October 31, 2020 |work=WLUC TV6 |date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224231127/https://www.uppermichiganssource.com/content/news/Italian-Hall-Disaster-victims-remembered-on-Christmas-Eve-503449791.html |archive-date=December 24, 2018}}

{{Gallery

|align=center

|title=Progression of the Italian Hall site

|File:Italian Hall Arch.JPG|alt1=A brick and sandstone arch frames a green sign in the background in a grassy field|Re-erected doorway arch and Michigan State Historic Site marker as seen in 2001

|File:Italian_Hall_Site_2018_3.jpg|The Italian Hall site in 2018 before the granite memorial was installed

|File:Italian Hall site 2019 - 4.jpg|The granite memorial in 2019 listing the names of the victims

}}

Notes

References

Works cited

{{cite web |last= Harrington |first= Kevin |title= Italian Hall |id= HABS No. MI-425 |url= https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/mi/mi0600/mi0643/data/mi0643data.pdf |work= Historic American Buildings Survey |publisher= National Park Service |year= 1975 |access-date=June 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223052714/https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/mi/mi0600/mi0643/data/mi0643data.pdf |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |url-status=live}}
{{cite book |last= Hoagland |first= Alison K. |title= Mine Towns: Buildings for Workers in Michigan's Copper Country |year= 2010 |publisher= University of Minnesota Press |isbn= 978-0-8166-6566-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rKBiT__LGqQC&pg=PA222}}
{{cite book|last=Lehto|first=Steve|title=Death's door: the truth behind Michigan's largest mass murder|year=2006|publisher=Momentum Books|isbn=978-1-879094-77-2|pages=232}}
{{cite book |last= Stanley |first= Jerry |title= Big Annie of Calumet: A true story of the Industrial Revolution |year= 1996 |publisher= Crown Publishers |isbn= 978-0-517-70097-6}}
{{cite book |last= Thurner |first= Arthur W. |title= Strangers and Sojourners: A History of Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula |year= 1994 |location= Detroit |publisher= Wayne State University Press |isbn= 978-0-8143-2396-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdm0X9c0XPcC&pg=PA149}}