Italian battleship Napoli

{{main|Regina Elena-class battleship}}

The design for the Regina Elena class was prepared by the noted naval engineer, Vittorio Cuniberti, then the Chief Engineer of the Italian {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} (Royal Navy). The Navy specified a vessel that would be more powerful than contemporary armored cruisers and faster than foreign pre-dreadnought battleships on a displacement of no more than {{cvt|13000|LT|lk=on|-1}}. The first two vessels—{{ship|Italian battleship|Regina Elena||2}} and {{ship|Italian battleship|Vittorio Emanuele||2}}—were ordered for the 1901 fiscal year, and the final pair—{{ship|Italian battleship|Roma|1907|2}} and Napoli—were authorized the following year.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

File:Regina Elena class diagrams Brasseys 1912.jpg

Napoli was {{convert|144.6|m|sp=us|ftin}} long overall and had a beam of {{cvt|22.4|m|ftin}} and a maximum draft of {{cvt|8.58|m|ftin}}. The ship had a slightly inverted bow and a long forecastle deck that extended past the main mast. She displaced {{convert|13774|LT}} at full load. Napoli had a crew of 742–764 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a screw propeller. Steam for the engines was provided by twenty-eight coal-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers that were vented into three funnels. The ship's propulsion system was rated at {{convert|19618|ihp|lk=in}} and provided a top speed of {{convert|22.15|kn}} and a range of approximately {{convert|10000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1985|p=255}}{{sfn|The Engineer|p=184}}

As built, the ship was armed with a main battery of two Armstrong Whitworth 12-inch 40-calibre naval gun 40-caliber guns placed in two single gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The ship was also equipped with a secondary battery of twelve EOC 8 inch 45 caliber 45-cal. guns in six twin turrets amidships. Close-range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of twenty-four QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun 40-cal. guns in casemates and pivot mounts. Napoli was also equipped with two {{cvt|450|mm|1}} torpedo tubes placed in the hull below the waterline.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

Napoli was protected with Krupp steel manufactured in Terni. The main belt was {{cvt|250|mm|1}} thick, and the deck was {{cvt|38|mm}} thick. The conning tower was protected by {{cvt|254|mm|0}} of armor plating. The main battery guns had 203 mm thick plating, and the secondary gun turrets had {{cvt|152|mm|0}} thick sides.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

The keel for Napoli was laid down at the {{lang|it|Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia}} shipyard in Castellammare di Stabia on 21 October 1903. She was launched on 10 September 1905, and completed on 1 August 1908.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}} Napoli served in the active duty squadron through 1910, which included her three sisters and the two {{sclass|Regina Margherita|battleship|1}}s. At the time, these six battleships represented Italy's front-line battle fleet.{{sfn|Brassey 1911|p=56}}{{efn|These were all pre-dreadnought battleships, and were thus obsolescent by this period, but Italy's first dreadnought, {{ship|Italian battleship|Dante Alighieri||2}}, did not enter service until 1913.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1985|p=259}}}} The active duty squadron was typically in service for seven months of the year for training; the rest of the year they were placed in reserve.{{sfn|Brassey 1908|p=52}}

File:Italian Battleship Napoli.jpg]]

{{main|Italo-Turkish War}}

On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in order to seize Libya. For the duration of the conflict, Napoli served in the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron with her three sister ships, under the command of Vice Admiral Augusto Aubry. After the outbreak of war, Napoli, her sister Roma, and the armored cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Pisa||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Amalfi||2}}, were sent to blockade Tripoli in North Africa. On 2 October, the battleship {{ship|Italian battleship|Benedetto Brin||2}} and the training squadron arrived to relieve Napoli and the other ships, which thereafter left to rejoin the flagship, Vittorio Emanuele.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=6, 9, 19}}

On 15 October, Napoli, which had been detached to reinforce the armored cruisers in the 2nd Division, 1st Squadron, arrived in Derna, Libya in company with several troopships. After a request sent to the defending Ottoman garrison to surrender was rejected, Napoli and the armored cruisers bombarded the town. In the span of 30 minutes, they had razed the town. At 14:00, the Italians attempted to land a contingent of 500 infantry, but heavy Turkish fire repulsed the assault, which prompted further bombardment from the Italian fleet. On 18 October, the Turks retreated from the town, which was thereafter occupied by the Italian army. In the meantime, Napoli had rejoined the 1st Division, and on 18 October, the unit had escorted a convoy of troopships to Benghazi. The Italian fleet bombarded the city the next morning after the Ottoman garrison refused to surrender. During the bombardment, parties from the ships and the infantry from the troopships went ashore. The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening. After a short siege, the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October, leaving the city to the Italians.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=27–30}}

In November, the Ottomans launched a major attempt to retake the town. Toward the end of the month, the Italians launched a counter-attack that consisted of three battalions of infantry and 150 men from Napoli. By December, Napoli and the other ships of the 1st Squadron were dispersed in the ports of Cyrenaica; Napoli remained in Derna. In early 1912, most of the fleet, including Napoli, withdrew to Italy for repairs and refit, leaving only a small force of cruisers and light craft to patrol the North African coast. On 13 April, the 1st Division left Taranto, bound for the island of Rhodes. Meanwhile, the 3rd Division escorted a convoy of troopships from Tobruk to the island. The Italian heavy ships demonstrated off the city of Rhodes while the transports landed the expeditionary force {{convert|10|mi}} to the south on 4 May; the soldiers quickly advanced on the city, supported by artillery fire from the Italian fleet. The Turks surrendered the city the following day.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=47–49, 64, 74–75}}

Between 8 and 20 May, Napoli was involved in the seizure of several islands in the Dodecanese between Crete, Rhodes, and Samos. In June, Napoli and the rest of the 1st Division was stationed at Rhodes. Over the next two months, the ships cruised in the Aegean to prevent the Turks from attempting to launch their own amphibious operations to retake the islands Italy had seized in May. The 1st Division returned to Italy in late August for repairs and refitting, and were replaced by the battleships of the 2nd Squadron. The 1st Division left port on 14 October, but was recalled later that day, when the Ottomans had agreed to sign a peace treaty to end the war.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=76, 79, 87, 92–95}}

Italy declared neutrality after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, but by July 1915, the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers. Italy's traditional naval rival, the Austro-Hungarian Navy, was the primary opponent in the conflict, and lay directly across the narrow Adriatic Sea. Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel, the Italian Naval Chief of Staff, understood that Austro-Hungarian submarines presented too serious a threat to his capital ships for him to mount an active fleet policy. Instead, Revel decided to implement blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the battle fleet, while smaller vessels, such as the MAS boats conducted raids on Austro-Hungarian ships and installations. Meanwhile, Revel's battleships would be preserved to confront the Austro-Hungarian battle fleet in the event that it sought a decisive engagement. As a result, the ship was not particularly active during the war.{{sfn|Halpern 1995|pp=140–142, 150}}

During the war, Napoli and her three sisters were assigned to the 2nd Division. They spent much of the war rotating between the bases at Taranto, Brindisi, and Valona, but did not see combat.{{sfn|Halpern 2004|p=20}} On 14–15 May 1917, three light cruisers of the Austro-Hungarian Navy raided the Otranto Barrage; in the ensuring Battle of the Strait of Otranto, Napoli and her sisters raised steam to assist the Allied warships, but the Italian commander refused to permit them to join the battle for fear of risking their loss in the submarine-infested Adriatic.{{sfn|Halpern 1995|p=156}}

In early 1922, the world's major navies, including Italy, signed the Washington Naval Treaty. According to the terms of the treaty, Italy could keep Napoli and her three sisters, along with the newer dreadnought battleships.Washington Naval Treaty, Chapter II: Part I Due to the small size and age of the ships, particularly in comparison to the modern dreadnoughts, the Italians could have kept the ships in service indefinitely. They could not, however, be replaced by new battleships under the normal practice of the Treaty system, which provided for replacements after a ship was 20 years old.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1985|p=254}} Napoli was retained for a few years, but was stricken from the naval register on 3 August 1926 and sold for scrap.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

{{Notelist

| notes =

}}

{{Reflist|20em}}

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|last=Beehler

|first=William Henry

|title=The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

|year=1913

|location=Annapolis

|publisher=United States Naval Institute

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWcoAAAAYAAJ

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|oclc=1408563

}}

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| title = Comparative Strength

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|ref={{sfnref|Brassey 1908}}

}}

• {{cite journal

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| first = Thomas A.

| title = Comparative Strength

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| year = 1911

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• {{cite magazine

|title=Machinery of the Italian Battleship Napoli

|magazine=The Engineer

|volume= 108

|date=20 August 1909

|pages=184–185

| url-access = registration

|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/images/d/dd/Er19090820.pdf#page=4

|ref={{sfnref|The Engineer}}

}}

• {{cite book|last=Fraccaroli|first=Aldo |title=Italian Warships of World War I|location=London|publisher=Ian Allan|year=1970|isbn=978-0-7110-0105-3}}
• {{Cite book |title=Jane's Battleships of the 20th Century |last=Ireland |first=Bernard |authorlink=Bernard Ireland |year=1996 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-470997-0}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/LMNO/napoli_battaglia.aspx Napoli (1905)] Marina Militare website

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Category:Regina Elena-class battleships

Category:World War I battleships of Italy

Category:Italo-Turkish War naval ships of Italy

Category:1905 ships

Category:Ships built in Castellammare di Stabia