Italian battleship Regina Elena

{{main|Regina Elena-class battleship}}

The design for the Regina Elena class was prepared by the noted naval engineer, Vittorio Cuniberti, then the Chief Engineer of the Italian {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} (Royal Navy). The Navy specified a vessel that would be more powerful than contemporary armored cruisers and faster than foreign pre-dreadnought battleships on a displacement of no more than {{cvt|13000|LT|lk=on|-1}}. The first two vessels—Regina Elena and {{ship|Italian battleship|Vittorio Emanuele||2}}—were ordered for the 1901 fiscal year, and the final pair—{{ship|Italian battleship|Roma|1907|2}} and {{ship|Italian battleship|Napoli||2}}—were authorized the following year.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

File:Regina Elena class diagrams Brasseys 1912.jpg

Regina Elena was {{convert|144.6|m|sp=us|ftin}} long overall and had a beam of {{cvt|22.4|m|ftin}} and a maximum draft of {{cvt|8.58|m|ftin}}. She displaced {{convert|13807|LT}} at full load. The ship had a slightly inverted bow and a long forecastle deck that extended past the main mast. Regina Elena had a crew of 742–764 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a screw propeller. Steam for the engines was provided by twenty-eight coal-fired Belleville boilers that were vented into three funnels. The ship's propulsion system was rated at {{convert|19299|ihp|lk=in}} and provided a top speed of {{convert|20.8|kn}} and a range of approximately {{convert|10000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1985|p=255}}

As built, the ship was armed with a main battery of two Armstrong Whitworth 12-inch 40-calibre naval gun 40-caliber guns placed in two single gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The ship was also equipped with a secondary battery of twelve EOC 8 inch 45 caliber 45-cal. guns in six twin turrets amidships. Close-range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of sixteen QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun 40-cal. guns in casemates and pivot mounts. Regina Elena was also equipped with two {{cvt|450|mm|1}} torpedo tubes placed in the hull below the waterline.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

Regina Elena was protected with Krupp steel manufactured in Terni. The main belt was {{cvt|250|mm|1}} thick, and the deck was {{cvt|38|mm}} thick. The conning tower was protected by {{cvt|254|mm|0}} of armor plating. The main battery guns had 203 mm thick plating, and the secondary gun turrets had {{cvt|152|mm|0}} thick sides.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

Regina Elena was laid down at the {{lang|it|Arsenale di La Spezia}} shipyard in La Spezia on 27 March 1901, and was launched on 19 June 1904. After fitting-out work was completed, she was commissioned into the Italian fleet on 11 September 1907.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}} She thereafter served in the Mediterranean Squadron,{{sfn|Brassey 1908|p=52}} and was ready for the annual maneuvers in late September and early October, under the command of Vice Admiral Alfonso di Brocchetti.{{sfn|Leyland|pp=77–78}} In April 1908, Regina Elena participated in a naval demonstration off Asia Minor in protest of the Ottoman decision to prohibit Italian post offices in Ottoman territory. The ship was at that time commanded by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/04/20/archives/italy-may-seize-turkish-island-eleven-vessels-ready-to-sail-abruzzi.html|title=Italy May Seize Turkish Island|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 April 1908|access-date=18 June 2013}} The ship went to Messina in the aftermath of the 1908 Messina earthquake.{{sfn|Hore|p=81}} Regina Elena remained in the active duty squadron through 1910, by which time her three sisters had been completed, bringing the total number of front-line battleships to six, including the two {{sclass|Regina Margherita|battleship|1}}s.{{sfn|Brassey 1911|p=56}}{{efn|These were all pre-dreadnought battleships, and were thus obsolescent by this period, but Italy's first dreadnought, {{ship|Italian battleship|Dante Alighieri||2}}, did not enter service until 1913.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1985|p=259}}}}

File:Regina Elena.png

{{main|Italo-Turkish War}}

On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in order to seize Libya. For the duration of the conflict, Regina Elena was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron along with her three sisters, under the command of Vice Admiral Augusto Aubry. She joined the squadron late, on 5 October. On 18 October, Regina Elena and her three sisters, along with three cruisers and several destroyers and torpedo boats escorted a convoy that carried half of the 2nd Infantry Division to Benghazi. When the Ottomans refused to surrender the city before the amphibious assault, the Italian fleet opened fire on the Turkish defenders at 08:00, while landing parties from the ships and the Army infantry went ashore. The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening. After a short siege, the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October, leaving the city to the Italians.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=6, 9, 27–29}}

By December, Regina Elena and the other ships of the 1st Squadron were dispersed in the ports of Cyrenaica. Regina Elena, Roma, and the armored cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|San Marco||2}} were stationed in Benghazi, with Regina Elena recently arriving from Tobruk. While there, they supported the Italian Army as it occupied the city and surrounding area by contributing landing parties and providing fire support to the ground troops. The gunfire support supplied by Regina Elena contributed to the defeat of a major attack on the city by an Ottoman army on 14–15 December. In early 1912, most of the fleet had withdrawn to Italy for repairs and refit, leaving only a small force of cruisers and light craft to patrol the North African coast.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=47–49, 64}}

In March 1914, Regina Elena was involved in experiments with wireless telegraphy in Syracuse, Sicily. The tests were conducted by Guglielmo Marconi and were supervised by the Duke of the Abruzzi.{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/03/02/100301703.pdf|title=Warship for Marconi Test|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 March 1914|access-date=18 June 2013}}

File:Italian battleship Regina Elena at Taranto May 1915.jpg in May 1915.]]

Italy declared neutrality after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, but by July 1915, the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers. The primary naval opponent for the duration of the war was the Austro-Hungarian Navy; the Naval Chief of Staff, Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel, believed the threat from submarines in the confined waters of the Adriatic was too serious to permit an active fleet policy. He therefore planned a distant blockade with the battle fleet, while smaller vessels, such as the MAS boats conducted raids. The heavy ships of the Italian fleet would be preserved for a potential major battle in the event that the Austro-Hungarian fleet should emerge from its bases.{{sfn|Halpern 1995|pp=140–142, 150}}

As a result, the ship's career during the war was limited. During the war, Regina Elena and her three sisters were assigned to the 2nd Division. They spent much of the war rotating between the bases at Taranto, Brindisi, and Valona, but did not see combat.{{sfn|Halpern 2004|p=20}} In February 1916, Regina Elena and Roma sortied briefly in response to mistaken reports that the Austro-Hungarian fleet was at sea.{{sfn|Henderson|p=359}} On 14–15 May 1917, three light cruisers of the Austro-Hungarian Navy raided the Otranto Barrage; in the ensuring Battle of the Strait of Otranto, Regina Elena and her sisters raised steam to assist the Allied warships, but the Italian commander refused to permit them to join the battle for fear of risking their loss in the submarine-infested Adriatic.{{sfn|Halpern 1995|p=156}}

Under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, Italy was permitted to retain Regina Elena and her three sisters.Washington Naval Treaty, Chapter II: Part I The Italian Navy could have kept the ships in service indefinitely, but they could not be replaced by new battleships under the normal practice of the Treaty system.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1985|p=254}} Nevertheless, she was stricken from the naval register on 16 February 1923 and subsequently broken up for scrap.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

{{Notelist

| notes =

}}

{{Reflist|20em}}

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|last=Beehler

|first=William Henry

|title=The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWcoAAAAYAAJ

|ref={{sfnref|Beehler}}

|oclc=1408563

}}

• {{cite journal

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| title = Comparative Strength

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| year = 1908

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}}

• {{cite journal

| last = Brassey

| first = Thomas A.

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| year = 1911

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}}

• {{cite book

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| year=1979

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• {{cite book

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|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921

|year=1985

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|publisher=Naval Institute Press

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• {{cite book

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• {{cite book

|editor-last=Henderson

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• {{cite book

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| title=The Ironclads

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• {{cite journal

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{{Commons category}}

• {{cite book|last=Fraccaroli|first=Aldo |title=Italian Warships of World War I|location=London|publisher=Ian Allan|year=1970|isbn=978-0-7110-0105-3}}

• [https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/PQRS/regina_elena.aspx Regina Elena (1904)] Marina Militare website

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{{Regina Elena class battleship}}

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Category:Regina Elena-class battleships

Category:World War I battleships of Italy

Category:Italo-Turkish War naval ships of Italy

Category:1904 ships

Category:Ships built in La Spezia