Italian battleship Vittorio Emanuele

{{main|Regina Elena-class battleship}}

The design for the Regina Elena class was prepared by the noted naval engineer, Vittorio Cuniberti, then the Chief Engineer of the Italian {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} (Royal Navy). The Navy specified a vessel that would be more powerful than contemporary armored cruisers and faster than foreign pre-dreadnought battleships on a displacement of no more than {{cvt|13000|LT|lk=on|-1}}. The first two vessels—{{ship|Italian battleship|Regina Elena||2}} and Vittorio Emanuele—were ordered for the 1901 fiscal year, and the final pair—{{ship|Italian battleship|Roma|1907|2}} and {{ship|Italian battleship|Napoli||2}}—were authorized the following year.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

File:Regina Elena class diagrams Brasseys 1912.jpg

Vittorio Emanuele was {{convert|144.6|m|sp=us|ftin}} long overall and had a beam of {{cvt|22.4|m|ftin}} and a maximum draft of {{cvt|8.58|m|ftin}}. She displaced {{convert|13914|LT}} at full load. The ship had a slightly inverted bow and a long forecastle deck that extended past the main mast. Vittorio Emanuele had a crew of 742–764 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a screw propeller. Steam for the engines was provided by twenty-eight coal-fired Belleville boilers that were vented into three funnels. The ship's propulsion system was rated at {{convert|19424|ihp|lk=in}} and provided a top speed of {{convert|21.36|kn}} and a range of approximately {{convert|10000|nmi|lk=in|0}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

As built, the ship was armed with a main battery of two Armstrong Whitworth 12-inch 40-calibre naval gun 40-caliber guns placed in two single gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The ship was also equipped with a secondary battery of twelve EOC 8 inch 45 caliber 45-cal. guns in six twin turrets amidships. Close-range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of sixteen QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun 40-cal. guns in casemates and pivot mounts. Vittorio Emanuele was also equipped with two {{cvt|450|mm|1}} torpedo tubes placed in the hull below the waterline.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

Vittorio Emanuele was protected with Krupp steel manufactured in Terni. The main belt was {{cvt|250|mm|1}} thick, and the deck was {{cvt|38|mm}} thick. The conning tower was protected by {{cvt|254|mm|0}} of armor plating. The main battery guns had 203 mm thick plating, and the secondary gun turrets had {{cvt|152|mm|0}} thick sides.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

Vittorio Emanuele was built by the {{lang|it|Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia}} shipyard in Castellammare di Stabia; her keel was laid down on 18 September 1901. The ship was launched on 12 October 1904, and construction was completed on 1 August 1908.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}} Vittorio Emanuele served in the active duty squadron through 1910, by which time her three sisters had been completed, bringing the total number of front-line battleships to six, which also included the two {{sclass|Regina Margherita|battleship|1}}s.{{sfn|Brassey 1911|p=56}}{{efn|These were all pre-dreadnought battleships, and were thus obsolescent by this period, but Italy's first dreadnought, {{ship|Italian battleship|Dante Alighieri||2}}, did not enter service until 1913.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1985|p=259}}}} The active duty squadron was typically in service for seven months of the year for training; the rest of the year they were placed in reserve.{{sfn|Brassey 1908|p=52}}

{{main|Italo-Turkish War}}

File:VittorioEmanuele002.jpg

On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in order to seize Libya. Vittorio Emanuele served as the flagship of Vice Admiral Augusto Aubry, the commander of the 1st Division throughout the conflict. On 30 September, Vittorio Emanuele, her sister Roma, and the armored cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Pisa||2}} cruised in the Aegean Sea, searching for the Ottoman training squadron that had departed Beirut for Constantinople two days before, and did not know that war had been declared. The Italian flotilla failed to locate its prey, which managed to safely reach Constantinople.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=6, 9, 23}}

On 18 October, Vittorio Emanuele and her three sisters, along with three cruisers and several destroyers and torpedo boats escorted a convoy that carried half of the 2nd Infantry Division to Benghazi. When the Ottomans refused to surrender the city before the amphibious assault, the Italian fleet opened fire on the Turkish defenders at 08:00, while landing parties from the ships and the Army infantry went ashore. The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening. After a short siege, the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October, leaving the city to the Italians.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=27–29}}

By December, Vittorio Emanuele and the other ships of the 1st Squadron were dispersed in the ports of Cyrenaica. Vittorio Emanuele, Pisa, and the protected cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Etruria||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Etna||2}} were stationed in Tobruk. While there, they supported the Italian Army as it occupied the city and surrounding area by contributing landing parties and providing fire support to the ground troops. In early 1912, most of the fleet had withdrawn to Italy for repairs and refit, leaving only a small force of cruisers and light craft to patrol the North African coast.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=47, 64}} On 4 March, Aubry died while aboard his flagship; Admiral Luigi Faravelli replaced him as the squadron commander.{{sfn|Robinson|p=191}}

On 13 April, the 1st Division left Taranto, bound for the island of Rhodes. Meanwhile, the 3rd Division escorted a convoy of troopships from Tobruk to the island. The Italian heavy ships demonstrated off the city of Rhodes while the transports landed the expeditionary force {{convert|10|mi}} to the south on 4 May; the soldiers quickly advanced on the city, supported by artillery fire from the Italian fleet. The Turks surrendered the city the following day. Between 8 and 20 May, Vittorio Emanuele was involved in the seizure of several islands in the Dodecanese between Crete, Rhodes, and Samos.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=74–76}}

In June, Vittorio Emanuele and the rest of the 1st Division was stationed at Rhodes. Over the next two months, the ships cruised in the Aegean to prevent the Turks from attempting to launch their own amphibious operations to retake the islands Italy had seized in May. The 1st Division returned to Italy in late August for repairs and refitting, and were replaced by the battleships of the 2nd Squadron. The 1st Division left port on 14 October, but was recalled later that day, when the Ottomans had agreed to sign a peace treaty to end the war.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=79, 87, 92–95}}

Italy declared neutrality after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, but by July 1915, the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers. The Austro-Hungarian Navy, Italy's traditional naval rival, was the primary opponent in the conflict. The Italian Naval Chief of Staff, Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel, believed that an active fleet policy was prohibited by the serious threat from submarines in the confined waters of the Adriatic Sea. Instead, Revel decided to implement blockade at the southern end of the Adriatic with the battle fleet, while smaller vessels, such as the MAS boats conducted raids on Austro-Hungarian ships and installations. Meanwhile, Revel's capital ships would be preserved to confront the Austro-Hungarian battle fleet in the event that it sought a decisive engagement. As a result, the ship was not particularly active during the war.{{sfn|Halpern 1995|pp=140–142, 150}}

During the war, Vittorio Emanuele and her three sisters were assigned to the 2nd Division. They spent much of the war rotating between the bases at Taranto, Brindisi, and Valona, but did not see combat.{{sfn|Halpern 2004|p=20}} On 14–15 May 1917, three light cruisers of the Austro-Hungarian Navy raided the Otranto Barrage; in the ensuring Battle of the Strait of Otranto, Vittorio Emanuele and her sisters raised steam to assist the Allied warships, but the Italian commander refused to permit them to join the battle for fear of risking their loss in the submarine-infested Adriatic.{{sfn|Halpern 1995|p=156}}

After the end of the war, Vittorio Emanuele was used as a training ship for a short period. In the summer of 1922, she was in Constantinople when the American destroyer {{USS|Bulmer|DD-222|6}} accidentally collided with a cutter from Vittorio Emanuele, causing minor damage to the boat. Then-Lieutenant Joseph J. Clark, Bulmer{{'}}s executive officer, came aboard Vittorio Emanuele to apologize for the incident.{{sfn|Reynolds|p=56}}

In early 1922, the world's major navies, including Italy, signed the Washington Naval Treaty. According to the terms of the treaty, Italy could keep Vittorio Emanuele and her three sisters, along with the newer dreadnought battleships.Washington Naval Treaty, Chapter II: Part I Due to the small size and age of the ships, particularly in comparison to the modern dreadnoughts, the Italians could have kept the ships in service indefinitely. They could not, however, be replaced by new battleships under the normal practice of the Treaty system, which provided for replacements after a ship was 20 years old.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1985|p=254}} Vittorio Emanuele was stricken from the naval register on 1 April 1923 and subsequently broken up for scrap.{{sfn|Fraccaroli 1979|p=344}}

{{Notelist

| notes =

}}

{{Reflist|20em}}

• {{Cite book

|last=Beehler

|first=William Henry

|title=The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

|year=1913

|location=Annapolis

|publisher=United States Naval Institute

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWcoAAAAYAAJ

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|oclc=1408563

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• {{cite journal

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| title = Comparative Strength

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| year = 1908

| journal = The Naval Annual

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|ref={{sfnref|Brassey 1908}}

}}

• {{cite journal

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}}

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• {{cite book

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|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921

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• {{cite book|last=Fraccaroli|first=Aldo |title=Italian Warships of World War I|location=London|publisher=Ian Allan|year=1970|isbn=978-0-7110-0105-3}}
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{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/TUVZ/vittorio_emanuele_battaglia.aspx Vittorio Emanuele (1904)] Marina Militare website

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{{Regina Elena class battleship}}

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Category:Regina Elena-class battleships

Category:World War I battleships of Italy

Category:Italo-Turkish War naval ships of Italy

Category:1904 ships

Category:Ships built in Castellammare di Stabia

Category:Victor Emmanuel II