Italian cruiser Piemonte

The first design by the newly hired naval architect Philips Watts for Armstrong Whitworth, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} was designed as an improved version of the {{ship|Italian cruiser|Dogali}}. The ship was built as a speculative venture and was purchased by Italy on 30 July 1888 for delivery in six months. Her intended armament consisted of two {{convert|8|in|mm|0|adj=on}} and four {{convert|6|in|mm|0|adj=on}} guns, all breech-loading weapons, but the Italians insisted that she be equipped with six 6-inch QF guns. The changes to the magazines and the addition of large sponsons to accommodate the QF guns significantly delayed her completion.{{sfn|Brook 1999|pp=14, 68}}{{sfn|Brook 2003|p=103}} {{lang|it|Piemonte}} was the first major warship to be armed with medium-caliber, quick-firing guns; these weapons would become the standard armament for cruisers in the 1890s.{{sfn|Sondhaus 2001|pp=156–157}}

File:Italian cruiser Piemonte line-drawing.png

{{lang|it|Piemonte}} was {{convert|310|ft|m|1}} between perpendiculars, with a beam of {{convert|38|ft|m|1}}. She had a mean draft of {{convert|15|ft|m|1}} and displaced {{convert|2473|LT|t}}. The ship had a crew of 12 officers and 245 enlisted crew. {{lang|it|Piemonte}} was fitted with two heavy military masts and had a partial double bottom. The large sponsons extended down to within about a foot (305 mm) of the water and proved to be very wet in service. She proved to be rather overgunned for her size and her freeboard was only {{convert|8|ft|3|in}} at normal load and {{convert|6|ft|9|in}} at deep load.{{sfn|Brook 1999|p=68}}{{sfn|Brook 2003|pp=103–104, 107}}

The ship was powered by two 4-cylinder Humphrys, Tennant vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft. The stroke of her engines was {{convert|27|in}} and the bores of their cylinders were {{convert|36|in}}, {{convert|55|in}} and {{convert|60|in}}. The low-pressure cylinder of {{lang|it|Piemonte}}{{'}} engines was split in two for smoother running and she was the first warship thus equipped.{{sfn|Brook 2003|pp=106–107}} Steam for the engines was supplied by four double-ended Scotch marine boilers at a pressure of {{convert|155|psi|kPa kg/cm2|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} and their exhausts were trunked into a pair of funnels amidships. Designed for a maximum output of {{convert|12000|ihp|lk=in}}, her engines produced {{convert|7040|ihp|abbr=on}}, using natural draught, and gave the ship a speed of {{convert|20.4|kn|lk=in}} during her sea trials in May 1889. Using forced draught increased her engine output to {{convert|12600|ihp|abbr=on}} and her speed to {{convert|22.3|kn}}. This made her the fastest cruiser in the world.{{sfn|Brook 1999|p=68}}{{sfn|Brook 2003|pp=103, 107}} The ship normally embarked a total of {{convert|200|LT|t|0}} of coal, but could carry a maximum of {{convert|600|LT|t|0}}. {{lang|it|Piemonte}} had a cruising radius of about {{convert|7000|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Brook 1999|p=68}} At full speed, she could steam for {{convert|1950|nmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Fraccaroli|p=349}}

{{lang|it|Piemonte}} was armed with a main battery of six 6-inch L/40 guns in single mounts.L/40 refers to the length of the gun in terms of caliber. One gun was placed forward and one aft, with two on each broadside abreast of the masts. These guns were mounted in sponsons to allow direct ahead and astern firing. They were supported by a secondary battery of six QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV L/40 guns in single mounts, three on each side between the 15 cm guns. Light weapons included ten {{convert|57|mm|adj=on|sp=us|2}} 6-pounder Hotchkiss L/40 guns, six {{convert|37|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us}} 1-pounder Hotchkiss L/20 guns, and four {{cvt|10|mm}} Maxim machine guns.{{sfn|Fraccaroli|p=349}} Four of 1-pounder and all of the machine guns were mounted in the military masts. She was also equipped with {{convert|14|in|adj=on|0}} torpedo tubes. One was mounted in the bow and the other two were on the broadside in rotating mounts, all above water.{{sfn|Brook 2003|pp=103–104}}

Armor protection consisted of a sloped deck that ranged in thickness from {{convert|1|in}} on the flat and {{convert|2|-|3|in|0}} on the slopes. The armor protecting her conning tower consisted of three inches of steel plating. The guns of her main and secondary armament were protected by gun shields {{convert|4.5|in}} thick.{{sfn|Brook 2003|p=103}}

File:StateLibQld 1 199899 Piemonte (ship).jpg

{{lang|it|Piemonte}} was built by the British shipyard Armstrong Whitworth in Elswick. Her keel was laid down in 1887 and she was launched on 23 August 1888. After completing fitting-out work, the new cruiser was completed on 8 September 1889 and delivered to the {{lang|it|Regia Marina}}.{{sfn|Brook 2003|p=103}} In 1890, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} participated in the annual fleet maneuvers in the First Squadron, along with the ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Lepanto||2}}, {{lang|it|Dogali}}, and several torpedo boats. The exercises were conducted in the Tyrrhenian Sea, where the First Squadron was tasked with defending against an attacking "hostile" squadron.{{sfn|The Naval Maneuvers of 1890|p=268}} By 1891, the Italian Navy had determined that {{lang|it|Piemonte}}{{'}}s armament was too heavy, and so the four broadside 6-inch guns were replaced with lighter 4.7-inch guns and their sponsons removed. In addition, the heavy military masts were replaced by light pole masts.{{sfn|Brook 1999|p=69}} In the following years, the ship served in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean in addition to the Mediterranean.{{sfn|Brook 2003|p=108}} In mid-1896, violence against Italians in Brazil prompted the Italian government to dispatch {{lang|it|Piemonte}} on a mission to secure the interests of Italian nationals in the country. The attempt at gunboat diplomacy secured an official apology from the Brazilian government, as well as an arrangement to adjudicate Italian claims of damages by the United States' and German ambassadors.{{sfn|Huntington|p=83}}

In late 1901, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} was assigned to the East Asian station{{sfn|Reeve|p=67}} after a year-long modernization.{{sfn|Brook 2003|p=108}} She passed through the Suez Canal and the Red Sea and stopped to coal in British Aden while en route to Asian waters.{{sfn|Reeve|p=67}} In September 1902 she was in Nagasaki, Japan, with the Italian cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Lombardia||2}}.{{sfn|May|p=84}} {{lang|it|Piemonte}} met the British cruiser {{HMS|Talbot|1895|6}} in the British colony at Weihaiwei. A party of officers and men from {{lang|it|Piemonte}} visited the British ship on 28 July.{{sfn|May|p=114}} That year, she was joined by the armored cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Vettor Pisani||2}} and the protected cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Elba||2}}. The following year, the armored cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Marco Polo||2}} and the protected cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Puglia||2}} were scheduled to replace {{lang|it|Vettor Pisani}} and {{lang|it|Piemonte}}, respectively, but due to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War on 8 February 1904, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} remained in the region.{{sfn|Brassey 1904|p=91}}{{sfn|Garbett|p=1429}} On 24 February, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} arrived in Seoul and landed a contingent of infantry to augment the guards at the Italian embassy. {{lang|it|Piemonte}} was finally recalled to Italy in April; she stopped in Singapore on 22 April to coal, departing two days later for home.{{sfn|May|pp=164, 180–181}}

By 1908, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} had been assigned as the flagship of the torpedo flotilla of the main fleet, which consisted of seventeen destroyers and fifty first and second class torpedo boats.{{sfn|Brassey 1908|p=52}} In August that year, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} participated in the annual summer maneuvers of the Italian fleet. She was assigned to a squadron and was tasked with defending against an opponent fleet that attempted to force an amphibious landing. The maneuvers were modeled on a potential war with Italy's nominal ally Austria-Hungary, and the fact that the relative strengths of the two squadrons mirrored the Italian and Austro-Hungarian navies was not lost on analysts in Vienna.{{sfn|The Italian Naval Maneuvers|pp=15–18}} The maneuvers concluded with a fleet review on 18 October.{{sfn|Leyland|p=81}} {{lang|it|Piemonte}} then spent 1909 deployed again to the Far East.{{sfn|Brook 2003|p=108}}

File:Red Sea topographic map-en.svg

At the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War in September 1911, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} was stationed in the Red Sea with four other cruisers. In December, she and the other cruisers patrolled the Ottoman ports in the Red Sea for ships that might be preparing to carry a rumored invasion force across the narrow sea to Italian Eritrea. Hostilities were temporarily ceased while the British King George V passed through the Red Sea following his coronation ceremony in India—the ceasefire lasted until 26 November.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=11, 47–48}}

In early 1912, the Italian Red Sea Fleet searched for a group of seven Ottoman gunboats thought to be planning an attack on Eritrea, though they were in fact immobilized due to a lack of coal. {{lang|it|Piemonte}} and the destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Artigliere|1907|2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Garibaldino|1910|2}} searched for the gunboats while the cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Calabria||2}} and {{lang|it|Puglia}} carried out diversionary bombardments against Jebl Tahr, and Al Luḩayyah. On 7 January, they found the gunboats and quickly sank four in the Battle of Kunfuda Bay; the other three were forced to beach to avoid sinking as well.{{sfn|Robinson|pp=166–167}}{{sfn|Beehler|p=51}} The next day, the Italian warships sent a shore party to destroy the grounded gunboats.{{sfn|Willmott|p=166}}

{{lang|it|Piemonte}} and the rest of the Italian ships returned to bombarding the Turkish ports in the Red Sea before declaring a blockade of the city of Al Hudaydah on 26 January. {{lang|it|Piemonte}} accidentally damaged the railroad that was being built by a French company when she bombarded the port of Djebana. As a result, the French firm sued the Italian government for the sum of 200,000 lire. By April, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} was serving as the flagship of the Italian squadron in the Red Sea. On 27 July and 12 August, {{lang|it|Piemonte}}, the torpedo cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Caprera||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Aretusa||2}} conducted two bombardments of Al Hudaydah. During the 12 August attack, they destroyed an Ottoman ammunition dump. {{lang|it|Piemonte}} thereafter left the Red Sea with four destroyers. The Ottomans eventually agreed to surrender in October, ending the war.{{sfn|Beehler|pp=51–52, 70, 90–95}}

Then-Lieutenant Alessandro Guidoni proposed in 1912 to convert {{lang|it|Piemonte}} into an aircraft carrier capable of operating seaplanes and fixed-wheel aircraft. His projected reconstruction would have seen an inclined flight deck erected on the aft half of the ship, tall enough to clear the ships' funnels. The {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} were not interested in operating wheeled aircraft at sea and so the idea was not pursued.{{sfn|Cernuschi & O'Hara|p=62}} In 1913, the last two of the ship's 6-inch guns were replaced with 4.7-inch guns in another attempt to lighten the ship.{{sfn|Brook 1999|p=69}}

When Italy entered World War I on 23 May 1915, {{lang|it|Piemonte}} was based in Brindisi and was assigned to the Second Fleet, which included the {{sclass|Regina Elena|battleship|5}} and {{sclass|Regina Margherita|battleship|0}} pre-dreadnought battleships and the {{sclass|Pisa|cruiser|5}} and {{sclass|San Giorgio|cruiser|0}} armored cruisers.{{sfn|Sondhaus 1994|pp=273–274}} The primary naval opponent for the duration of the war was the Austro-Hungarian Navy; the Naval Chief of Staff, Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel, planned a distant blockade with the battle fleet, while smaller vessels, such as the MAS boats conducted raids. The heavy ships of the Italian fleet would be preserved for a potential major battle in the event that the Austro-Hungarian fleet should emerge from its bases.{{sfn|Halpern|pp=141–142}} As a result, the ship's activities during the war was limited and she spent much of it based at Salonica, Greece, as part of the Anglo-French Levant Squadron. Plans to use her for torpedo trials after the war came to nothing and {{lang|it|Piemonte}} was stricken from the Navy List on 15 May 1920 and broken up shortly afterwards.{{sfn|Brook 2003|p=108}}

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

{{reflist|20em}}

• {{cite book

|last=Beehler

|first=William Henry

|title=The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912

|year=1913

|location=Annapolis

|publisher=United States Naval Institute

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWcoAAAAYAAJ

|oclc=1408563

|ref={{SfnRef|Beehler}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Brassey

|first=Thomas A.

|author-link=Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey

|title=Chapter IV: Comparative Strength

|pages=86–107

|journal=The Naval Annual

|year=1904

|location=Portsmouth

|publisher=J. Griffin & Co.

|oclc=5973345

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpNIAQAAMAAJ

|ref={{sfnref|Brassey 1904}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Brassey

|first=Thomas A.

|journal=The Naval Annual

|title=Chapter III: Comparative Strength

|pages=48–57

|year=1908

|publisher=J. Griffin & Co.

|location=Portsmouth

|oclc=5973345

|ref={{sfnRef|Brassey 1908}}

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJBIAQAAMAAJ

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Brook

|first=Peter

|editor=Preston, Antony

|title=Warship 2002–2003

|year=2003

|chapter=Armstrongs and the Italian Navy

|publisher=Conway Maritime Press

|location=London

|isbn=978-0-85177-926-3

|pages=94–115

|ref={{sfnref|Brook 2003}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Brook

|first=Peter

|title=Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships 1867 - 1927

|publisher=World Ship Society

|location=Gravesend

|year=1999

|isbn=978-0-905617-89-3

|ref={{sfnref|Brook 1999}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|last1=Cernuschi

|first1=Enrico

|last2=O'Hara

|first2=Vincent

|title=Search For A Flattop: The Italian Navy and the Aircraft Carrier, 1907–2007

|journal=Warship

|year=2007

|pages=61–80

|editor-last=Jordan

|editor-first=John

|location=London

|publisher=Conway Maritime Press

|isbn=978-1-84486-041-8

|name-list-style=amp

|ref={{sfnRef|Cernuschi & O'Hara}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Fraccaroli

|first=Aldo

|editor-last=Gardiner

|editor-first=Robert

|chapter=Italy

|pages=334–359

|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905

|year=1979

|location=London

|publisher=Conway Maritime Press

|isbn=978-0-85177-133-5

| url-access = registration

| url = https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2

|ref={{SfnRef|Fraccaroli}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|editor-last=Garbett

|editor-first=H.

|title=Naval Notes

|journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution

|year=1904

|volume=XLVIII

|location=London

|publisher=J. J. Keliher & Co.

|pages=1418–1434

|ref={{sfnref|Garbett}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Halpern

|first=Paul G.

|title=A Naval History of World War I

|year=1995

|location=Annapolis

|publisher=Naval Institute Press

|isbn=978-1-55750-352-7

|ref={{sfnref|Halpern}}

}}

• {{cite encyclopedia

|last=Huntington

|first=Frank

|title=Brazil

|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/58253#page/99/mode/1up

|encyclopedia=Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1896

|volume=XXXVI

|location=New York

|publisher=D Appleton and Company

|date=1897

|ref={{sfnref|Huntington}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Leyland

|first=John

|editor-last=Brassey

|editor-first=Thomas A.

|journal=The Naval Annual

|title=The Italian Manoevres

|pages=76–81

|year=1908

|publisher=J. Griffin & Co.

|location=Portsmouth

|oclc=5973345

|ref={{sfnRef|Leyland}}

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJBIAQAAMAAJ

}}

• {{cite book

|last=May

|first=W. A.

|title=The Commission of H.M.S. Talbot

|chapter=The Battle of Chemulpho

|location=London

|publisher=The Westminster Press

|date=1904

|ref={{sfnRef|May}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Reeve

|first=A.

|title=The Commission of H.M.S. Perseus: East Indies. Including Persian Gulf and Somaliland, 1901–1904

|year=1904

|publisher=The Westminster Press

|location=London

|oclc=38470445

|ref={{sfnref|Reeve}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Robinson

|first=C. N.

|title=The Turco-Italian War

|pages=146–174

|editor-last=Hythe

|editor-first=Thomas

|journal=The Naval Annual

|year=1912

|publisher=J. Griffin & Co.

|location=Portsmouth

|ref={{SfnRef|Robinson}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Sondhaus

| first = Lawrence

| year = 2001

| title = Naval Warfare, 1815–1914

| publisher = Routledge

| location = London

| isbn = 978-0-415-21478-0

| ref = {{sfnRef|Sondhaus 2001}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Sondhaus

| first=Lawrence

| title=The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918

| year=1994

| location=West Lafayette

| publisher=Purdue University Press

| isbn=978-1-55753-034-9

|ref={{sfnref|Sondhaus 1994}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|title=The Italian Naval Maneuvers

|journal=The Navy

|year=1908

|volume=II

|number=8

|publisher=The Navy Publishing Company

|pages=15–18

|ref={{sfnref|The Italian Naval Maneuvers}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|title=The Naval Maneuvers of 1890

|journal=Information from Abroad: The Year's Naval Progress

|year=1891

|location=Washington, DC

|publisher=Government Printing Office

|oclc=12922775

|pages=225–278

|ref={{sfnref|The Naval Maneuvers of 1890}}

}}

• {{Cite book

|last=Willmott

|first=H. P.

|title=The Last Century of Sea Power

|volume=I: From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922

|year=2009

|location=Bloomington

|publisher=Indiana University Press

|isbn=978-0-253-35214-9

|ref={{SfnRef|Willmott}}

}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/PQRS/piemonte.aspx Piemonte] Marina Militare website

{{Portal bar|Italy|Engineering}}

{{Italian protected cruisers}}

{{WWI Italian ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Piemonte}}

Category:Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth

Category:Cruisers of the Regia Marina

Category:World War I cruisers of Italy

Category:1888 ships

Category:Italo-Turkish War naval ships of Italy