Itsari language
{{Short description|Northeast Caucasian language or dialect in Dagestan, Russia}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ru|otherarticle=Ицаринский язык|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Itsari
| nativename = {{lang|dar|ицӀран гъай}}
{{lang|dar|ИцIрила гъай}}
| states = North Caucasus
| region = Dagestan
| speakers = 2,000
| date = 2003
| familycolor = Caucasian
| fam1 = Northeast Caucasian
| fam2 = Dargin
| fam3 = Southern
| fam4 = Sanzhi-Itsari
| glotto2 = icar1234
| glottoname2 = Icari
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[its’ran ʁaj]}}
{{IPA|[its’arila]}}
| ethnicity = Dargins
| script = unwritten
| altname = Icari
| map = File:Dargwa_map_(Koryakov)_2021.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#fdcd00|Itsari (and Sanzhi)}}
}}
Itsari (Icari, Itsari: {{Lang|dar|ицӀран гъай}}{{Cite book |author-last=Коряков |author-first=Юрий |title=Дурхъаси Хазна. Сборник Статей К 60-Летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди |publisher=Буки Веди |year=2021 |isbn=978-5-6045633-5-9 |editor-last1=Майсак |editor-first1=Т. А. |pages=139–154 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова |chapter=Даргинские языки и их классификация |trans-chapter=Dargwa languages and their classification |type= |format= |editor-last2=Сумбатова |editor-first2=Н. Р. |editor-last3=Тестелец |editor-first3=Я. Г. |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/50908006}}) is a language in the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia spoken in the village Itsari, as well as in Kizlyarsky District, Druzhba, and other villages and cities, both in and outside of Dagestan, by about 2,000 people. It is often considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa. Ethnologue lists it as a dialect of Dargwa but recognizes that it may be a separate language.{{e25|dar|Dargwa}} Its closest relative is Sanzhi, which has only about 200 speakers and is considered to be an endangered language, as parents are now teaching their children Russian for practical purposes.{{Cite book |last=Forker |first=Diana |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3339225 |title=A grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa |date=2019-07-17 |publisher=Language Science Press |isbn=9783961101962 |publication-date=2020 |language=en |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3339225}}
Usage
In the village of Itsari, the Itsari language is used for all purposes except writing, as the residents of Itsari use standard written Dargwa or Russian as their written language. The younger population is shifting to Russian as their primary language.
Phonology
= Vowels =
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Front ! colspan="2" |Back |
plain |
---|
rowspan="2" |Close
!short |[i] i |[u] u |[uˤ] uӏ |
long
|[iː] ī |[uː] ū | |
rowspan="2" |Mid/Low
!short |[e] e |[ɑ] а |[ɑˤ] aӏ |
long
|[eː] ē |[ɑː] ā | |
Itsari has phonemic pharyngealization, as is evidenced by the minimal pair {{Lang|dar|šam}} 'lamb' {{Endash}} {{Lang|dar|šaӏm|italic=yes}} 'candle'.
= Consonants =
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | |
rowspan="4" |Plosive
|[b] b |[d] d | | | | | | |
---|
lax
|[p] p |[t] t | | |[k] k |[q] q | | |
tense
|[pː] p̄ |[tː] t̄ | | |[kː] кк kk |[qː] q̄ | | |
ejective
|[pʼ] pʼ |[tʼ] tʼ | | |[kʼ] кӏ kʼ |[qʼ] qʼ |[ʡʼ]{{Dubious|date=December 2024}} ʕ |[ʔ] ʔ |
rowspan="3" |Fricative
|([f] f) |[z] z |[ʒ] ž | |[ɣ] ǧ |[ʁ] R |[ħ] H |[h] h |
lax
| |[s] s |[ʃ] š | |[x] x |[χ] X | | |
tense
| |[sː] s̄ |[ʃː] s̄̌ | |[xː] x̄ |[χː] X̄ | | |
rowspan="3" |Affricate
!lax | |[t͡s] c |[t͡ʃ] č | | | | | |
tense
| |[t͡sː] c̄ |[t͡ʃː] c̄̌ | | | | | |
ejective
| |[t͡sʼ] cʼ |[t͡ʃʼ] čʼ | | | | | |
colspan="2" |Resonant
|[m] m, [w] w |[n] n, [l] l |[r] r |[j] j | | | | |
References
{{reflist}}
{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}
{{Languages of the Caucasus}}
{{NEC-lang-stub}}