Ivanko (boyar)
{{Short description|Boyar and killer of Asen}}
{{For|the Bulgarian noble in Dobruja|Ivanko (despot)}}
Ivanko ({{langx|bg|Иванко}}, {{langx|el|Ιβαγκός}}), also referred to by some scholars as Ivanko-Alexius,{{sfn|Stephenson|2000|p=307}}{{sfn|Cheynet|1986|p=171}} was a Vlach{{sfnm|Simpson|2013|1loc=p. 58: "Ivanko-Alexios, the Vlach commander"|Shepard|2017|2loc=p. 287: "And indeed Asen was shortly thereafter killed by Ivanko, a Vlach, who was having an affair with Asen's wife's sister"|Stanković|2016|3loc=p. 12: "the Vlach commander Ivanko who had murdered Asen"|Treadgold|1997|4loc=pp. 661–662: "The Byzantine army refused to fight Ivanko. Resorting to his skills at intrigue, the emperor lured the troublesome Vlach to a meeting and had him murdered in the spring of 1200."|Malatras|2010|5loc=p. 3: "The Vlach Ivanko, commander of Philipopolis", "The aforementioned Ivanko is a Vlach,"}} boyar who killed his cousin Ivan Asen I, the ruler of the renascent Second Bulgarian Empire, in 1196.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=28–31; 661}}{{sfn|Simpson|2013|p=58}} He was a leader of local Vlachs and Bulgarian Slavs.
Life
It is not known when and where Ivanko was born.{{sfn|Dall'Aglio|2021|p=92}} Ivanko served in Bulgarian ruler and his cousin Ivan Asen's court.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=28-31; 661}}{{sfn|Detrez|2010|p=31}} In 1196, Ivanko murdered Asen.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=28}}{{sfn|Choniates|1984|pp=257-258}}{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991|p=1025}} The murder occurred when Asen angrily summoned Ivanko to discipline him for having an affair with his wife's sister.{{sfn|Madgearu|2016|p=111}} Bulgarian historian Vasil Zlatarski attributed this murder by Ivanko to the Cuman faction in Bulgarian court, as opposed to other explanations involving anti-Vlach Bulgarian boyars, boyar discontent with his harsh rule, Byzantine intrigue, etc.{{sfn|Daskalov|2021|p=82}} After the murder, he seized the Bulgarian capital Tarnovo and requested the assistance of the Byzantines. However, the Byzantine army mutinied on its way and thus let Asen's brother Peter claim the throne, forcing Ivanko to flee to Byzantine capital Constantinople.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=661}}{{sfn|Kaldellis|2023|p=712}}{{sfn|Curta|2019|p=680}}
In 1197, Ivanko married Theodora Angelina, the daughter of Anna Angelina and the sebastokrator Isaac Komnenos.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991|p=1025}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=28-31}} Theodora's father had died in Bulgarian captivity not many months earlier.{{sfn|Wolff|1949|p=187}} After the marriage, Ivanko adopted the Greek name Alexius.{{sfn|Stephenson|2000|p=307}} His grandfather-in-law, Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos, gave the command of Philippopolis to him to deal with Bulgarian raids.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=661}}{{sfn|Kaldellis|2023|p=713}} Ivanko recruited and trained an army of his fellow Vlachs to deal with the raiders, but ended up rebelling against the Byzantines.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=661}}{{sfn|Choniates|1984|p=281}} In this period, he had set up an independent principality in Rhodope and central Thrace.{{sfn|Rosser|2012|p=254}} He captured the Byzantine general Manuel Kamytzes, who was sent against him;{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=661}} Kamytzes was ransomed by his son-in-law, Ivanko's rival, Dobromir Chrysos.{{sfn|Madgearu|2016|p=117}}
The emperor's sons-in-law Alexios Palaiologos and Theodore Laskaris marched against Ivanko in 1200.{{sfn|Cheynet|1986|p=171}} Ivanko was eventually captured when Alexios invited him to a peace council but imprisoned him instead.{{sfn|Curta|2019|p=365}} He was executed by his order.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=28-31}} After his death, his fortresses were recovered by the Byzantines.{{sfn|Curta|2019|p=365}}{{sfn|Choniates|1984|p=285}} Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates described him as "far worse than earlier rebels, and driven to such cruelty that most barbarians deem to be manliness."{{sfn|Stephenson|2000|pp=307–308}}
See also
References
{{reflist}}
Bibliography
{{Refbegin|2}}
- {{cite book|last=Cheynet|first=Jean-Claude|title=Etudes prosopographiques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7a1cRMNz3UC|publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne|year=1986|isbn=9782859441104|lang=fr}}
- {{O City of Byzantium}}
- {{cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|title=Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300) (2 vols)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ|publisher=BRILL|year=2019|isbn=9789004395190}}
- {{cite journal |last=Dall'Aglio |first=Francesco |title=Between Rebellion and Statesmanship: Attempting a Biography of Ivanko, 1196/1200 |journal=Studia Ceranea |date=2021 |volume=11 |pages=91–106 |doi=10.18778/2084-140X.11.05 |publisher=Journal of the Waldemar Ceran Research Centre for the History and Culture of the Mediterranean Area and South-East Europe |issn=2449-8378|doi-access=free |hdl=11089/41516 |hdl-access=free }}
- {{cite book|last=Detrez|first=Raymond|title=The A to Z of Bulgaria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdRXAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2010|isbn=9780810872028}}
- {{cite book|last=Daskalov|first=Roumen|title=Master Narratives of the Middle Ages in Bulgaria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMZAEAAAQBAJ|publisher=BRILL|year=2021|isbn=9789004464872}}
- {{cite book|last=Fine|first=John|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1994|isbn=9780472082605}}
- {{cite book|last=Kaldellis|first=Anthony|title=The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-LLEAAAQBAJ&q=ivanko+%22asen%22|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2023|isbn=9780197549322}}
- {{cite book|last=Kazhdan|first=Aleksandr|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uh0AQAACAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=9780195046526}}
- {{cite book|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|title=The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire 1185-1280|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9nzDQAAQBAJ&q=The+Asanids:+The+Political+and+Military+History+of+the+Second+Bulgarian+Empire+1185-1280|publisher=BRILL|year=2016|isbn=9789004333192}}
- {{cite conference|last=Malatras|first=Christos|title=The making of an ethnic group: the Romaioi in the 12th-13th centuries|url=https://www.eens.org/EENS_congresses/2010/Malatras_Christos.pdf|conference=4th European Congress of Modern Greek Studies|year=2010|pages=1–13}}
- {{cite book|last=Rosser|first=John|title=Historical Dictionary of Byzantium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYpqikYr3Q8C|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2012|isbn=9780810875678}}
- {{cite book|last=Shepard|first=Jonathan|title=The Expansion of Orthodox Europe: Byzantium, the Balkans and Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAokDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781351890052}}
- {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Alicia|title=Niketas Choniates: A Historiographical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nePUAAAAQBAJ|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2013|isbn=9780199670710}}
- {{cite book|last=Stanković|first=Vlada|title=The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avTADAAAQBAJ|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2016|isbn=9781498513265}}
- {{cite book|last=Stephenson|first=Paul|title=Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILiOI0UgxHoC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780521770170}}
- {{cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780804726306}}
- {{cite book|last=Wolff|first=Robert|title="The 'Second Bulgarian Empire'. Its Origin and History to 1204"|publisher=Speculum|year=1949}}
{{Refend}}
{{Rebellion and secession in Byzantium, 1182–1205}}
Category:12th-century murderers
Category:12th-century Bulgarian people
Category:13th-century Bulgarian people
Category:12th-century military personnel
Category:13th-century military personnel
Category:Medieval Bulgarian nobility
Category:Eastern Romance people